# NTSB ERA21LA083: Raytheon Hawker, N412JA, Farmingdale, NY, December 21, 2020

- Type: NTSB accident investigation
- Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report
- Date: December 20, 2020, 20:35 local (Dec 21, 2020, 01:35 UTC)
- Place: Farmingdale, NY · ILS 14 approach
- Coordinates: 40.7268, -73.410425 (estimated)
- Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=40.7268&lon=-73.4104&mi=10
- Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping)
- Defining event: [Approach-IFR missed approach: Abnormal runway contact](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090)
- Highest injury: Serious injuries
- Injuries: 1 serious, 1 minor
- Status: Completed
- Report: Approved by Office Director
- Investigation class: Class 3
- NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation
- Parties: Honeywell, Talon Air, FAA/FSDO
- NTSB case key (mKey): 102437
- NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA21LA083
- NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/102437/pdf
- NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102437
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA21LA083

## Probable cause

The flight crew’s delayed decision to initiate a go-around after the approach had become unstabilized, which resulted in a hard landing.

## Findings

NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause.

- [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=7150012), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md)
- [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Flight crew (probable cause); cases with it: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=7150012), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md)
- [Action: delayed action](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041025): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Flight crew (probable cause); cases with it: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041025/cases.md?model=7150012), [All aircraft, 894 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041025/cases.md)

## Sequence of events

The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened.

- [Approach-IFR missed approach: Abnormal runway contact](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090) (defining event); cases with it: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090/sequence.md?model=7150012), [All aircraft, 1,506 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090/sequence.md)
- [Landing: Runway excursion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300); cases with it: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300/sequence.md?model=7150012), [All aircraft, 3,643 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300/sequence.md)
- [Landing-flare/touchdown: Hard landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092); cases with it: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md?model=7150012), [All aircraft, 2,102 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md)

## Analysis

The flight crew were conducting an instrument landing system (ILS) approach in night instrument meteorological conditions when they were advised by the tower controller that the weather had deteriorated below minimums. The captain was the pilot monitoring, and the first officer was the pilot flying during the approach. Since the airplane was inside the final approach fix and stabilized, both pilots agreed to continue with the approach. Both pilots stated that they had visual contact with the runway approach lighting system at the 200 ft above ground level (agl) decision altitude, and they decided to continue the approach. The first officer said he then returned to flying the airplane via instruments. As the first officer continued the approach, the captain told him the airplane was drifting right of the runway centerline. The first officer said that he looked outside, saw that the weather had deteriorated, and was no longer comfortable with the approach. The first officer said he pressed the takeoff and go-around switch, while at the same time, the captain called for a go-around. The captain said that he called for the go-around because the airplane was not aligned with the runway. Although both pilots stated that the go-around was initiated when the airplane was about 50 to 100 ft agl, the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) recording revealed that the first officer flew an autopilot-coupled approach to 50 ft agl (per the approach procedure, a coupled approach was not authorized below 240 ft agl). As the airplane descended from 30 to 20 ft agl, the captain told the first officer three times to “flare” then informed him that the airplane was drifting to right and he needed to make a left correction to get realigned with the runway centerline. Three seconds passed before the first officer reacted by trying to initiate transfer control of the airplane to the captain. The captain did not take control of the airplane and called for a go-around. The first officer then added full power and called for the flaps to be retracted to 15º; however, the airplane impacted the ground about 5 seconds later, resulting in substantial damage to the fuselage. Data downloaded from both engines’ digital electronic engine control units revealed no anomalies. No mechanical issues with the airplane or engines were reported by either crew member or the operator. The sequence of events identified in the CVR recording revealed that the approach most likely became unstabilized after the autopilot was disconnected and when the first officer lost visual contact with the runway environment. The captain, who had the runway in sight, delayed calling for a go-around after the approach became unstabilized, and the airplane was too low to recover.

## Factual narrative

HISTORY OF FLIGHT On December 20, 2020, about 2035 eastern standard time, a Raytheon Aircraft Company Hawker 800XP, N412JA, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Farmingdale, New York. The captain sustained minor injuries and the first officer was seriously injured. The airplane was operated by Talon Air, LLC as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 business flight. The captain was the pilot monitoring (PM), and the first officer was the pilot flying (PF) at the time of the accident. The captain and first officer stated that the flight was normal. As they approached the destination airport, they were vectored for the instrument landing system (ILS) runway 14 approach. The weather was at minimums (overcast at 200 ft above ground level [agl] and ¾-mile visibility) for the approach. The pilots briefed the approach, and the airplane was fully configured to land upon reaching the final approach fix (FAF). Both pilots said that, after passing the FAF, the tower controller reported that weather conditions had deteriorated to 200 ft agl and ¼-mile visibility. The captain asked the first officer if he wanted to continue with the approach, and he said he did. The first officer said that he was using the autopilot on the approach, the airplane was stabilized, and he felt they could safely descend to minimums. The airplane was equipped with a cockpit voice recorder (CVR). Review of the recording revealed that, at 2034:56, when the airplane reached the decision altitude of 200 ft agl (as indicated by the recording’s capture of an aural minimums callout from the airplane’s radio altimeter), the captain declared that he had runway environment lights in sight. The first officer responded that he would continue with the approach. At 2035:01, the captain saw the flashing sequence lights for the approach lighting system and the red terminating bars and asked the first officer if he could see them. The first officer responded that he was prepared to land the airplane and continued with the approach. At 2035:08, the captain stated he had the runway in sight. At 2035:11, as the airplane reached 50 ft agl, a sound consistent with the autopilot disconnecting was heard. Between 2035:16 and 2035:18, as the airplane descended from 30 to 20 ft agl, the captain told the first officer three times to flare the airplane, and noted that the airplane was moving to the right of the runway centerline. Three seconds later, the first officer told the captain to take control of the airplane, while the captain simultaneously called for a go-around. The first officer responded by adding full power and called for the flaps to be retracted to 15º. About 5 seconds later, the airplane impacted the ground. The first officer stated that, as the airplane approached 200 ft agl, the captain announced “minimums, lights.” He looked outside, saw the “lead-in” lights, and announced, “continuing,” and returned to flying the airplane via instruments. Hesaid that, as the airplane descended to 100 ft agl, the captain told him the runway was to the left. He looked out and saw that the weather was worse than he expected, as if a “black cloud” was sitting at the end of the runway. He said the conditions were not “good enough for him,” and he hit the takeoff/go-around (TOGA) switch while, at the same time, the captain called for a go-around. The first officer said that he added full power and called for flaps 15 degrees, but just as he started to pull up, the airplane landed on the runway “on the hard side.” The captain stated that, when the airplane was between 50 and 100 ft, it began drifting to the right, and he told the first officer to make a correction. The captain said that the correction was not sufficient to realign the airplane with the runway centerline, and he called for a go-around. The captain said the airplane pitched up in response to the TOGA switch, and he heard both engines spool up as he retracted the flaps, but the airplane did not climb. The airplane then impacted the ground, veered right, and spun before coming to a stop. When asked about first officer’s request to initiate a transfer control of the airplane, the captain said, “I believe the request was made with the intent of salvaging the landing. If memory serves me right, just after the request I ordered the go around. I did not place my hands on the controls.” PERSONNEL INFORMATION The captain held an airline transport pilot certificate and was type-rated in the Hawker 800/900. He reported a total flight experience of 4,188 hours, of which 2,060 hours were in the accident airplane make and model. The captain held a current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) first-class medical certificate with no restrictions or limitations. The first officer held an airline transport pilot certificate and was type-rated in the Hawker 800/900. He reported a total flight experience of 10,000 hours, of which 4,100 hours were in the accident airplane make and model. The first officer held a current FAA first-class medical certificate with no restrictions or limitations. Both pilots stated that they had flown the ILS runway 14 approach numerous times and were familiar with the approach. A review of both the captain’s and first officer’s company training records revealed that they each received and successfully passed training on missed approaches from a precision approach and also rejected landings, which were initiated from 50 ft agl. AIRPORT INFORMATION Runway 14 was a 6,833-foot-long by 150-foot-wide asphalt runway. It was equipped with a medium intensity approach lighting system with sequence flashers (MALSF). There were no runway centerline lights. A review of the remarks section of the ILS or LOC runway 14 approach plate revealed that an autopilot-coupled approach was not authorized below 310 ft msl (240 agl). In a postaccident interview, the first officer mentioned that he used the autopilot for the approach but did not recall whenhe turned it off. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION A special weather update at 2033 reported wind from 080° at 3 knots, visibility ¼-mile, fog, vertical visibility 200 ft, temperature 1° C, dewpoint -1° C, with a barometric pressure setting of 30.02 inches-Hg. According to an FAA inspector who spoke with two first responders to the accident, the fog had “quickly” and “unexpectedly” developed on the airport around the time of the accident. WRECKAGE INFORMATION An FAA inspector who responded to the accident site stated that the airplane impacted the right side of the runway, about 2,000 ft down, then veered right of the runway about 1,500 ft before coming to rest. The nose wheel and both main landing gear departed the airplane and were found on the runway. There was no postimpact fire. The airplane sustained substantial damage to the fuselage. The airplane was not equipped with a flight data recorder (FDR); however, each engine was equipped with a digital electronic engine control unit. Data downloaded from both units revealed that there was a go-around attempt and both engines responded simultaneously to power lever inputs. Both engines achieved 90-95% N1 speed in about 5 to 6 seconds. No mechanical issues with the airplane or engines were reported by either crew member or the operator. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The Talon Air General Operations Manual (GOM) (section 19.2.- STABILIZED ON PROFILE) stated: The airplane must be in the proper landing configuration, on the correct track, on the correct lateral track, the correct vertical track and the airspeed within the acceptable range specified in the AFM [airplane flight manual] or POH [pilot’s operating handbook], as applicable. It should be noted, as it applies to stabilized approaches, that following lateral and vertical tracks should require only normal bracketing corrections. An approach that requires abnormal bracketing does not meet the stabilized approach concept, and a go-around should be initiated. The Standard Operating Procedures section of the GOM (section 2.5. - POSITIVE TRANSFER OF CONTROLS), stated: If the primary responsibility for controlling the aircraft is transferred from one pilot to the other once airborne, the person designated as the PF will brief the PM with the following basic information prior to initiating positive transfer of controls. 1. Aircraft altitude instructions. 2. Navigation instructions. 3. Pertinent information regarding aircraft configuration or ATC clearance. To initiate positive transfer of controls the PF will state, “you have the controls”. The pilot receiving aircraft control will then confirm transfer of control by stating, “I have the controls”, which indicates that he/she understands and has control of the aircraft.

## Aircraft

- Registration: [N412JA](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N412JA), registered now, S/N 258516, built 2001 (OpenAirDocs)
- Reported make and model: RAYTHEON HAWKER (800XP)
- Registry model: [Raytheon HAWKER 800XP](https://openairdocs.org/model/raytheon-hawker-800xp) (registry code 7150012) (OpenAirDocs)
- Registry engine: [Alliedsign TFE731-5BR](https://openairdocs.org/engine/alliedsign-tfe731-5br) (registry code 02508, turbo-fan) (OpenAirDocs)
- Category: Airplane
- Serial number: 258516
- Year built: 2001
- Airframe hours: 12731.5
- Engines: ALLIEDSIGN TFE731-5BR1H 4634 lbs thrust turbo fan; ALLIEDSIGN TFE731-5BR1H 4634 lbs thrust turbo fan
- Damage: Substantial damage
- Flight: Executive/Corporate, Part 91
- Operator: Talon Air Jets, doing business as Talon Air
- Registered owner: N412ja LLC
- Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal
- Last inspection: Continuous airworthiness, June 8, 2020
- Departed: OPF, Opa Locka, FL
- Destination: Same as departure
- Flight plan: IFR
- Airport: FRG, Republic, runway 14, 6,833 × 150 ft, asphalt
- Equipment: Auto-pilot, Angle of attack indicator, Electronic flight bag or handheld device, ADS-B, Stall warning system, Electronic primary flight display, Electronic multifunction display

## Flight crew

As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names.

- Pilot; age 37; injuries: minor; airline transport; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review November 1, 2020; seat: left; restraint: 5-point; flight hours: 4,188 total, 2,060 in this make and model, 2,063 as pilot in command, 60 in the last 90 days, 40 in the last 30 days, 6 in the last 24 hours
- Co-pilot; age 63; injuries: serious; airline transport; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review December 11, 2020; seat: right; restraint: 5-point; flight hours: 10,000 total, 4,100 in this make and model, 6,800 as pilot in command, 47 in the last 90 days, 30 in the last 30 days, 6 in the last 24 hours

## Weather

- Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Night
- Wind: 80° at 3 knots
- Visibility: 0.25 statute miles
- Lowest ceiling: 200 ft indefinitevv
- Temperature: 34 °F, dew point 30 °F
- Altimeter: 30.02 inHg
- Observed at: KFRG
- METAR: KFRG 210133Z 08003KT 1/4SM FG VV002 01/M01 A3002 RMK AO2 T00061006

## FAA reports on this event (1)

The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs).

- [Accident 20201220019559A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20201220019559A), Dec 20, 2020: Raytheon Aircraft Company HAWKER 800XP, Farmingdale, NY, Substantial damage. On December 20, 2020 at approximately 20:36 local at Republic Airport (frg) in Farmingdale, NY, N412JA, a Hawker 800XP (HS-125) [privacy data omitted]operating…

## Docket (15 files)

The files NTSB released with the investigation on October 21, 2022, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102437. 11.7 MB in all.

- Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 9 pages, 1.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13369922&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=6120_1%20N412JA%20Signed_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Written statement - captain (item 2, PDF, 2 pages, 110 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13371004&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Written%20Statement%20Captain_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Written statement - first officer (item 3, PDF, 1 page, 46 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13369035&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Written%20Satement%20FO-Rel.pdf
- NTSB record of interview - captain (item 4, PDF, 3 pages, 179 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13371978&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20ROC%20Captain-Rel.pdf
- NTSB record of interview - first officer (item 5, PDF, 3 pages, 182 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13371873&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20ROC%20FO-Rel.pdf
- NTSB memorandum - FAA inspector (item 6, PDF, 1 page, 97 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13458947&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20Summary%20of%20Findings%20-%20FAA%20On-scene%20Response-Rel.pdf
- Pages from formal FAA ATC package (item 7, PDF, 2 pages, 414 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13369812&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Pages%20from%20FAA%20Formal%20ATC%20package-Rel.pdf
- Photos (item 8, PDF, 8 pages, 8 photos, 785 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13369451&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Photo%20Array-Rel.pdf
- Meteorological specialist's factual report (item 9, PDF, 15 pages, 1.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11956925&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=WX_ERA21LA083_Specialists_Factual-Rel.pdf
- ILS 14 approach chart (item 10, PDF, 1 page, 294 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13370906&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ILS%2014%20plate-Rel.pdf
- NTSB email report - review of Honeywell deec data (item 11, PDF, 2 pages, 1.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13370620&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20Email%20Review%20of%20HoneyWell%20DEEC%20Report_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 and evidence control forms (item 12, PDF, 4 pages, 215 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13369992&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Wreckage%20Release%20and%20ECFs_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- NTSB party form - talon air (item 13, PDF, 14 pages, 1.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13579496&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20Signed%20Party%20Form_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- NTSB party form - Honeywell (item 14, PDF, 10 pages, 3.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13613456&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Signed%20Honeywell%20Party%20Form_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Cockpit voice recorder - factual report of group chair (item 15, PDF, 17 pages, 363 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14596200&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA21LA083_CVR%20Factual-Rel.pdf

From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model.

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