# NTSB ERA22LA175: Learjet 45, N877W, Morristown, NJ, April 2, 2022 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: April 2, 2022, 11:19 local (15:19 UTC) - Place: Morristown, NJ - Coordinates: 40.799338, -74.414889 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=40.7993&lon=-74.4149&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Landing-landing roll: Loss of control on ground](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 4 minor - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: Bombardier, FAA/Teterboro, Honeywell - NTSB case key (mKey): 104874 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA22LA175 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/104874/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=104874 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA22LA175 ## Probable cause The captain’s inadequate compensation for crosswind conditions, which resulted in a loss of directional control. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Performance/control parameters: directional control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062020): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained; cases with it: [Learjet 45, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062020/cases.md?model=5170805), [All aircraft, 3,958 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062020/cases.md) - [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot; cases with it: [Learjet 45, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=5170805), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md) - [Wind: crosswind](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034040): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Ability to respond/compensate; cases with it: [Learjet 45, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034040/cases.md?model=5170805), [All aircraft, 1,008 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034040/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Landing-landing roll: Loss of control on ground](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230) (defining event); cases with it: [Learjet 45, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230/sequence.md?model=5170805), [All aircraft, 4,585 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230/sequence.md) - [Landing-landing roll: Runway excursion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300); cases with it: [Learjet 45, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300/sequence.md?model=5170805), [All aircraft, 3,643 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300/sequence.md) ## Analysis The flight crew of the jet obtained weather information for the destination airport, which indicated quartering tailwind conditions for the runway in use at the time, with wind at 3 knots gusting to 16 knots. The crew determined the wind to be within limitations. The cockpit voice recorder transcript and airport surveillance video indicated that the landing approach was normal. The captain, who was the pilot flying, stated that, after touchdown, the thrust reversers were deployed and the airplane turned “sharply to the right.” He reported that remedial control inputs were ineffective in maintaining directional control. Airport surveillance video footage of the landing roll and accident sequence showed that, about 9 seconds into the landing roll, the airplane turned sharply to its right. The airplane departed the runway, its left wingtip struck the ground, the entire wing structure (left wing/right wing/wingbox) separated from the airplane as one assembly, and the fuselage continued a short distance before it came to rest upright. The thrust reversers on each engine were deployed and their extended positions were about equal. A windsock could be seen in the surveillance video footage nearly parallel to the ground, indicating nearly a direct crosswind to the landing runway that would have been towards the airplane’s right side. Recorded wind shortly after the accident was consistent with a 90° right crosswind for the landing runway at 6 knots with gusts to 14 knots. A detailed examination of the airplane and system components revealed that all flight control, steering, and braking systems and their actuator components operated as designed. Although the copilot's yaw force sensor did not meet manufacturer acceptance testing during postaccident examination, this would not have affected the directional controllability of the airplane. Based on the available information, it is likely that the pilot’s compensation for the crosswind conditions was inadequate, which resulted in a loss of directional control and runway excursion. ## Factual narrative On April 2, 2022, at 1119 eastern daylight time, a Learjet Inc 45, N877W, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident at Morristown Municipal Airport (MMU), Morristown, New Jersey. The two airline transport pilots and two passengers sustained minor injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. Each crewmember provided written statements and their statements were consistent throughout. According to the captain, who was the pilot flying, the airplane was established on a visual approach for landing on runway 23. The reported wind was from 340° at 3 knots gusting to 16 knots. The quartering tailwind was computed “within limits,” the thrust reversers were deployed at touchdown, and the airplane turned “sharply to the right.” He reported that, “It felt unusual. Normal crosswind correction inputs made no difference, extreme inputs were made, and still no control was possible.” The airplane departed the right side of the runway and the entire wing structure separated from the main fuselage, which continued for about 100 ft before coming to rest upright. The crew shut down the airplane and exited the main cabin door along with one passenger, while the second passenger egressed the airplane by the emergency exit. Examination of flight track data and airport surveillance video revealed a normal approach profile and that the airplane crossed the runway threshold about 120 knots groundspeed. About 9 seconds into the landing roll, the airplane turned sharply to the right and departed the runway. The thrust reversers on each engine were deployed and their positions were approximately matched. The windsock in the foreground of the video was nearly parallel to the ground, indicating nearly a direct crosswind to the landing runway that would have been towards the airplane’s right side. The accident site was photographed and a cursory examination of the airplane was completed by a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) aviation safety inspector. Examination of photographs revealed skid marks on the runway surface that led to the ground scars that marked the airplane’s runway excursion. The skid marks began about 1,200 ft beyond the approach end of runway 23 and arced to the airplane’s right about 560 ft before transitioning to tracks in the grass. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was retained and forwarded to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Recorders Laboratory in Washington, DC. A review of the summary and transcribed portions of the flight prepared by an NTSB Recorder Specialist revealed that the crew listened to the Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS) at MMU and were aware of the wind speed, direction, and warnings of “low level windshear” and questioned why runway 23 was in used when the winds favored runway 05. The air traffic controller explained that, due to a runway closure at Newark International Airport (EWR), Newark, New Jersey, the use of runway 05 atMMU allowed for improved conflict resolution and traffic flow at EWR. The wreckage was recovered and examined at a recovery facility in Clayton, Delaware, by a team of airframe and powerplant specialists supervised by two NTSB aerospace engineers. Detailed descriptions of the examination, component removal, and component download are contained in the public docket. The engines were examined, and the digital electronic engine controls (DEECs) were downloaded. The data indicated that both engines were operating normally and responding to power lever inputs throughout the approach and landing. Electrical power was applied to the airplane and the primary flight and multi-function displays were downloaded. The yaw force sensors were tested at the manufacturer’s facility using their Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP). Both sensors functioned as designed; however, the copilot’s sensor “failed the Output Balance Error element (i.e., zero load), as the measured value was -0.2256% FSO out of specification” in tension and compression. The nosewheel steering rudder pedal systems and components were tested at the manufacturer’s facility and functioned as designed and no significant faults were found to be present in any of the components. The brake control unit (BCU) and four-wheel speed transducers were tested at the manufacturer’s facility. The BCU was tested to the manufacturer’s ATP with no faults noted. The data downloaded from the BCU did not include date/time stamps and could not be positively correlated with the accident landing. Each of the four wheel speed transducers were tested through two different protocols. Each transducer passed both tests with no faults found. The nose wheel steering electronic control unit and the spoiler control electronics unit were tested at the manufacturer’s facility. During the examinations, no faults were found present in either unit. According to the FAA Airplane Flying Handbook, page 9-9: The landing process should never be considered complete until the airplane decelerates to the normal taxi speed during the landing roll or has been brought to a complete stop when clear of the landing area. Accidents may occur as a result of pilots abandoning their vigilance and failing to maintain positive control after getting the airplane on the ground. A pilot should be alert for directional control difficulties immediately upon and after touchdown due to the ground friction on the wheels. Loss of directional control may lead to an aggravated, uncontrolled, tight turn on the ground, or a ground loop. The combination of centrifugal force acting on the center of gravity (CG) and ground friction of the main wheels resisting it during the ground loop may cause the airplane to tip or lean enough for the outside wingtip to contact the ground. This imposes a sideward force that could collapse the landing gear. The rudder serves the same purpose on the ground as it does in the air—it controls the yawing of the airplane. The effectivenessof the rudder is dependent on the airflow, which depends on the speed of the airplane. As the speed decreases and the nose-wheel has been lowered to the ground, the steerable nose provides more positive directional control. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N877W](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N877W-2024-03-23), registration cancelled 2024-03-23, S/N 496, built 2014 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: LEARJET INC 45 - Registry model: [Learjet 45](https://openairdocs.org/model/learjet-45) (registry code 5170805) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Honeywell TFE731-40BR-1](https://openairdocs.org/engine/honeywell-tfe731-40br-1) (registry code 34001, turbo-fan) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 496 - Year built: 2014 - Airframe hours: 3290.8 - Engines: Honeywell TFE731-40BR-1B 3850 lbs thrust turbo jet; Honeywell TFE731-40BR-1B 3850 lbs thrust turbo jet - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Transport - Last inspection: Continuous airworthiness, November 15, 2021, 114 hours before - Departed: FTY, Atlanta, GA - Destination: Same as departure - Flight plan: IFR - Airport: MMU, Morristown Municipal, runway 23, 5,998 × 150 ft, asphalt - Equipment: Angle of attack indicator, ADS-B, Stall warning system, Onboard weather, Electronic primary flight display, Electronic multifunction display, Electronic flight bag or handheld device, Auto-pilot ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 59; injuries: none; airline transport, flight instructor, commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review June 6, 2021; seat: left; restraint: 5-point; flight hours: 8,834 total, 1,599 in this make and model, 8,131 as pilot in command, 51 in the last 90 days, 22 in the last 30 days, 3 in the last 24 hours - Co-pilot; age 49; injuries: none; airline transport; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, without waivers/limitations; seat: right; restraint: 5-point; flight hours: 9,582 total, 5,146 in this make and model, 6,868 as pilot in command, 145 in the last 90 days, 49 in the last 30 days, 3 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 320° at 6 knots, gusting 14 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 45 °F, dew point 23 °F - Altimeter: 30.11 inHg - Observed at: MMU - METAR: KMMU 021525Z 32006G14KT 10SM FEW250 07/M05 A3011 ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20220402023139A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20220402023139A), Apr 2, 2022: Learjet Inc 45, Morristown, NJ, Substantial damage. Aircraft landed runway 23 at mmu on April 2, 2022, the approach was normal with winds reported from 360 at 9KTS, gusting to 14KTS. The pilot stated that the… ## Docket (12 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on May 2, 2024, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=104874. 38.0 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 13 pages, 11.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16525469&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20Form%206120_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Honeywell digitial engine control summary and analysis report (item 2, PDF, 3 pages, 111 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16706640&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=DEEC%20Summary%20-%20Morristown-Rel.pdf - Statement of party representatives to NTSB investigation Honeywell (item 3, PDF, 9 pages, 183 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16525986&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Party%20Form-%20McDuffie_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Statement of party representatives to NTSB investigation Bombardier docket (item 4, PDF, 9 pages, 372 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17002793&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Certification%20of%20Party%20Representative%20ERA22LA175%20-%20Bombardier%20Docket_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Photo array (item 5, PDF, 7 pages, 6.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16599139&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Photo%20Array%20LA175-Rel.pdf - Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 (item 6, PDF, 3 pages, 757 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16525651&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Wreckage%20release%20(Signed)_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Airport surveillance video - airplane landing (item 7, MP4, 8.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16525805&FileExtension=mp4&FileName=Rescue%20Road%201%20Dome_20220402_111923-Rel.mp4 - Aircraft systems specialist's factual report (item 8, PDF, 29 pages, 15 photos, 2.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16877877&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA22LA175%20-%20Specialists%20Factual%20Report%20of%20Removed%20Components%20-%20FINAL-Rel.pdf - Cockpit displays - specialist's factual report (item 9, PDF, 8 pages, 730 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17017116&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA22LA175%20Garmin%20Report%20-%20final1-Rel.pdf - Attachment 1 to cockpit displays - specialist's factual report (item 10, CSV, 1.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17016744&FileExtension=csv&FileName=attachment1_era22la175-Rel.csv - Cockpit voice recorder - specialist's factual report (item 11, PDF, 16 pages, 276 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17017260&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA22LA175%20Transcript%201%20final1-Rel.pdf - ERA22LA175 - systems - evidence control form report (item 12, PDF, 54 pages, 5.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17079516&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA22LA175-Systems%20-%20Evidence%20Control%20Forms%20Report_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.