# NTSB ERA23FA131: Cessna 150G, N2991J, Hillsville, VA, February 27, 2023 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report - Date: February 27, 2023, 16:56 local (21:56 UTC) - Place: Hillsville, VA - Coordinates: 36.656234, -80.542626 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=36.6562&lon=-80.5426&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Enroute: VFR encounter with IMC](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 1 fatal - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: Textron Aviation Inc., FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 106797 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA23FA131 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/106797/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=106797 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA23FA131 ## Probable cause The pilot’s continued visual flight rules flight into instrument meteorological conditions, resulting in controlled flight into terrain. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Planning/preparation: weather planning](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061020): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 150G, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061020/cases.md?model=2071816), [All aircraft, 156 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061020/cases.md) - [Ceiling/visibility/precip: below VFR minima](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035075): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Decision related to condition (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 150G, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035075/cases.md?model=2071816), [All aircraft, 184 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035075/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Enroute: VFR encounter with IMC](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 150G, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401/sequence.md?model=2071816), [All aircraft, 392 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401/sequence.md) - [Enroute: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120); cases with it: [Cessna 150G, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md?model=2071816), [All aircraft, 1,074 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md) ## Analysis The instrument-rated pilot was conducting a personal, cross-country, visual flight rules flight and did not receive a formal weather briefing before departing. Flight track data showed that, after departure, the airplane proceeded direct to the destination airport for about 40 minutes. Then, after entering mountainous terrain, the airplane completed a descending 540° left turn and reversed course while continuing to descend at a rate of 250 ft per minute. The airplane impacted trees and terrain and came to rest in a wooded area. The reported weather conditions in the area around the time of the accident included less than 2 miles visibility and clouds about 255 ft above ground level (agl). Examination of the airframe and engine revealed no evidence of any preaccident mechanical failures or malfunctions that would have precluded normal operation. Based on the cut branches located in the vicinity of the accident site, and the damage signatures observed on the propeller, the engine was likely producing power at the time of impact. While en route, the pilot likely encountered deteriorating weather conditions that obscured the mountainous terrain and as the pilot attempted to turn around and exit the deteriorating weather conditions the airplane gradually descended and struck trees and the terrain. ## Factual narrative On February 27, 2023, about 1656 eastern standard time, a Cessna 150G, N2991J, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Hillsville, Virginia. The pilot was fatally injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. A friend of the pilot reported that the pilot flew from Twin County Airport (HLX), Hillsville, Virginia, to Burlington/Alamance Regional Airport (BUY), Burlington, North Carolina, to pick up parts for an engine the pilot was working on. A witness reported speaking to the owner of the maintenance shop, where the pilot was going to pick up the engine parts, who confirmed that the pilot arrived to pick up the parts and subsequently departed. According to a GPS device that was downloaded at the National Transportation Safety Board Vehicle Recorders Laboratory, the airplane departed BUY at 1612. The pilot flew a nearly direct northwestern route towards HLX. About 15 miles from the destination, at 1653, the airplane began flying over mountainous terrain. Then, the airplane entered a descending left turn for 1 1/2 revolutions (540°) until the flight track straightened and reversed course on a southeasterly heading (figure 1). Examination of the GPS altitude data revealed that the airplane descended from about 3,250 ft to 3,000 ft, about 200 ft agl, during the final minute of flight. The final GPS data point was about 650 ft from where the main wreckage was located. Figure 1. View of flight track for the final 4 minutes of flight. The blue track indicates the airplane flight track and the orange arrows indicate the direction of flight. An alert notice (ALNOT) was issued by the Federal Aviation Administration at 1914 after family and friends reported the airplane missing. The airplane was located by a private citizen about 1030 the following day. An autopsy of the pilot was performed by the Department of Health, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Roanoke, Virginia. The autopsy report was reviewed and stated the cause of death was blunt force injuries. A review of preflight weather briefing information revealed that the pilot did not obtain preflight information from Leidos Flight Services or ForeFlight. Graphical-Airmen’s Meteorological Information (G-AIRMET) advisories were valid for the accident location below FL180 at both 1600 and 1900 for moderate icing between the surface and FL210, moderate turbulence from the surface to FL180, low-level wind shear, instrument flight rule conditions (IFR) and mountain obscuration. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) forecast imagery depicted broken and overcast sky conditions in the immediate accident region with a point to the southwest of the accident site valid at 1600 identifying overcast clouds at 2,600 ft with tops to 11,000 ft. The GFA surface forecasts valid at 1600 and 1900 depicted southerly to southwesterly gusting surface winds of 15-25 knots near the accident location with rain showers across the region. AHigh-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model sounding for near the accident site at 1700 using an elevation of 2,745 ft indicated clouds were identified between about 3,000 and 16,500 ft. At 1655, the HLX automated weather observation station reported a wind from 180° at 6 knots and variable between 160° and 220°, visibility 1 3/4 statute miles, mist, ceiling overcast at 200 ft agl, temperature of 9°C and dew point temperature of 9°C, altimeter setting of 29.57 inches of mercury. A review of the pilot’s flight log revealed that he only documented flight reviews in his logbook. His most recent flight review was completed on March 20, 2022. As of the most recent medical exam, on June 20, 2022, the pilot reported 10,000 flight hours, of which 150 hours were in the 6 months before the examination. The airplane came to rest in a wooded area at an elevation of 2,776 ft above mean sea level. The airplane impacted a tree about 205 ft before the wreckage came to rest. There was no evidence of fire, and all major components of the airplane were located in the vicinity of the main wreckage. The left wing, outboard of the flap, was impact separated and located 60 ft before the main wreckage and exhibited a 1.5 ft semicircular impact area. The remainder of the left wing was attached to the fuselage and the leading edge was impact crushed aft. The fuselage remained intact and exhibited impact damage. The right wing was partially impact separated outboard of the flap and remained attached by an aileron control cable. The remainder of the right wing was attached to the fuselage. The empennage remained attached to the fuselage and all surfaces exhibited impact damage. Flight control continuity was confirmed from all flight controls to all respective control surfaces. The engine remained attached to the fuselage through the engine mounts. Crankshaft and valvetrain continuity were confirmed by rotating the propeller through 720° of rotation. Compression and suction were confirmed on all cylinders. The cylinders were examined with a lighted borescope and no anomalies were noted. The magnetos remained attached to the accessory case and produced spark on all leads. The carburetor remained attached to the engine; when removed and examined no anomalies were noted. Oil was present throughout the engine and the oil filter remained attached to the engine. There were no anomalies found with the engine that would have precluded normal operation. The fixed-pitch propeller remained attached to the crankshaft flange and the two blades remained attached to the hub. One blade exhibited chordwise scratching and was bent about 10°. The other blade exhibited chordwise scratching and s-bending. There were multiple pieces of tree branches found along the debris path that were cut at a 45° angle and had black/grey paint transfer marks, consistent with propeller strikes. The emergency locator transmitter remained secure in the fuselage and its switch was found in the OFF position. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N2991J](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N2991J-2023-09-05), registration cancelled 2023-09-05, S/N 15065791, built 1966 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 150G - Registry model: [Cessna 150G](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-150g) (registry code 2071816) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Continental 0-200 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-0-200-series) (registry code 17020, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 15065791 - Year built: 1966 - Airframe hours: 3850 - Engines: Continental O-200A 100 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Utility - Last inspection: 100 hour, January 17, 2023, 30.3 hours before - Departed: BUY, Burlington, NC - Destination: HLX, Hillsville, VA - Equipment: Stall warning system, Handheld GPS ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 74; injuries: fatal; commercial, flight instructor; airplane ratings: single-engine land, single-engine sea, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 3, with waivers/limitations; last flight review March 20, 2022; seat: left; restraint: none; toxicology performed; flight hours: 10,000 total ## Weather - Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Day - Wind: 180° at 7 knots - Visibility: 2 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 200 ft overcast - Temperature: 48 °F, dew point 48 °F - Altimeter: 29.55 inHg - Observed at: HLX, 15 nm away - METAR: METAR KHLX 272215Z AUTO 18007KT 2SM BR OVC002 09/09 A2955 RMK AO2 T00860085 ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20230227001909A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20230227001909A), Feb 27, 2023: Cessna 150G, Hillsville, VA, Substantial damage, 1 fatal. Departed burlington, NC (buy) at 1612 local. Flew nearly direct route towards Hillsville, VA (hlx) (intended destination). Pilot made a left 180 degree turn… ## Other investigations on N2991J (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB MIA69F0277](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA69F0277), Dec 8, 1968: Cessna 150G (N2991J), Fountain Inn, SC, substantial damage ## Docket (14 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on May 2, 2024, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=106797. 67.2 MB in all. - Flight track diagrams (item 1, PDF, 4 pages, 2.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16460313&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA23FA131%20Flight%20Track%20Diagram-Rel.pdf - FAA alert notice (alnot) (item 2, PDF, 1 page, 120 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16497496&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ALNOT%20FA131-Rel.pdf - Wreckage examination summary (item 3, PDF, 36 pages, 10.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15189126&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Wreckage%20Exam%20Summary%20ERA23FA131-Rel.pdf - Memorandum for record - witness interview summary (item 4, PDF, 2 pages, 94 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16356007&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Memorandum%20for%20Record%20-%20Pilot%20Friend%20Witness-Rel.pdf - Pilot flight log (item 5, PDF, 3 pages, 6.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15190171&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Pilot%20Flight%20Log_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Maintenance record excerpts (item 6, PDF, 16 pages, 40.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16462170&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Mx%20Records%20Excerpt%20FA131_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Global positioning system device - specialist's factual report (item 7, PDF, 9 pages, 1.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15825634&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA23FA131%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20Device%20-%20Specialist%27s%20Factual%20Report-Rel.pdf - Attachment 1 to global positioning system device - specialist's factual report (item 8, CSV, 14 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15811864&FileExtension=csv&FileName=ERA23FA131%20Attachment%201%20to%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20Device%20-%20Specialist%27s%20Factual%20Report-Rel.csv - Meteorology specialist's factual report (item 9, PDF, 14 pages, 3.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16190095&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=WX_ERA23FA131_Specialists_Factual-Rel.pdf - Memorandum for record - preflight weather briefing information (item 10, PDF, 1 page, 79 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16498296&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Preflight%20weather%20briefing%20memo%20-%20FA131-Rel.pdf - Toxicological report - pilot (item 11, PDF, 1 page, 178 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16355997&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Pilot%20Tox%20Report%20FA131_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 (item 12, PDF, 1 page, 711 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16354959&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20Signed%20release%20N2991J%20FA131_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Evidence control form (item 13, PDF, 1 page, 138 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16459876&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Evidence-Control-Form%20ERA23FA131-Rel.pdf - Statement of party representatives to NTSB investigation (item 14, PDF, 9 pages, 283 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16485940&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=A01%20KAG%20Party%20Form%20FA131_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.