# NTSB ERA24LA054: Piper PA-32-260, N7748J, Millington, TN, December 4, 2023 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: December 3, 2023, 21:04 local (Dec 4, 2023, 03:04 UTC) - Place: Millington, TN · Short of runway - Coordinates: 35.368195, -89.859235 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=35.3682&lon=-89.8592&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Approach-VFR pattern final: Fuel starvation](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 1 minor, 1 uninjured - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 193467 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA24LA054 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/193467/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=193467 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA24LA054 ## Probable cause The pilots’ fuel mismanagement during the cross-country flight and incorrect fuel tank selection for the landing approach, which resulted in fuel starvation, a momentary loss of engine power, and collision with terrain short of the runway. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Flight crew (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-32-260, 10 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=7103206), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md) - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid management (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-32-260, 12 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=7103206), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) - [Action: incorrect action selection](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041010): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Flight crew (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-32-260, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041010/cases.md?model=7103206), [All aircraft, 397 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041010/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Approach-VFR pattern final: Fuel starvation](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191) (defining event); cases with it: [Piper PA-32-260, 10 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191/sequence.md?model=7103206), [All aircraft, 733 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191/sequence.md) - [Approach-VFR pattern final: Collision with terr/obj (non-CFIT) ](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470); cases with it: [Piper PA-32-260, 30 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md?model=7103206), [All aircraft, 10,189 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md) ## Analysis The flight instructor and private pilot initiated a round-trip, cross-country flight. The first leg of the trip was uneventful, and at the intermediate airport, the fuel tanks were topped off for the return flight. While on final approach at the destination airport, the engine lost total power. The private pilot, who was the pilot flying, switched the fuel selector from the left main tank to the left tip tank and continued to maintain glide airspeed. Shortly after the fuel tank selector was moved, engine power began increasing; however, nearly simultaneously with this restoration of power, the airplane impacted terrain about 900 ft short of the runway threshold. The fuselage and wings sustained substantial damage. The flight instructor reported that fuel was drawn from the left and right main tanks throughout the flight, and the tip tanks were not used before the loss of engine power. The instructor recalled that, during the approach, the left and right main tanks indicated a little less than 10 gallons, and the tip tanks were indicating full; however, the fuel gauges were bobbing throughout the flight. No fuel was observed in either the left main tank or left tip tank at the accident site. About 15 gallons of fuel was drained from the right wingtip tank and about 3 gallons were drained from the right main tank. Examination of the airplane and engine found no evidence of preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation. Examination of the fuel system revealed no evidence of blockages. The left main tank was evaluated for any evidence of leakage, and none was observed. The left wingtip tank sustained impact damage and was breached near the leading edge, which likely allowed for its contents to leak at the accident site. The right main and wingtip tanks were undamaged. The airplane owner’s manual stated the pilot should, “Avoid switching tanks at low altitude since little recovery time is available in event of an error in tank selection. To preclude making a hasty decision, and to provide continuity of flow, the selector should be changed before fuel is exhausted from the tank in use.” The owner’s manual further stated that, “The main or tip tank with the highest quantity of fuel should be selected for landing.” It is likely that the pilots’ fuel management during the nearly 2 hour and 30-minute flight resulted in the exhaustion of the left tank fuel supply on final approach at low altitude. Had the tank with the highest quantity of fuel been selected for landing, as recommended by the owner’s manual, the fuel starvation, and subsequent momentary loss of engine power, would have been avoided. ## Factual narrative On December 3, 2023, about 2104 central standard time, a Piper PA-32-260 airplane, N7748J, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Millington, Tennessee. The private pilot was not injured, and the flight instructor sustained minor injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. According to the flight instructor, the afternoon and evening involved a roundtrip flight from the airplane’s base airport of Millington/Memphis Airport (NQA), Millington, Tennessee, to Gulf Shores International Airport (JKA), Gulf Shores, Alabama. The private pilot was the pilot flying for both flights, as he was accumulating flight time in his airplane for insurance purposes. The flight instructor reported that the flight to JKA was uneventful, and they requested that the fixed-base operator ground personnel top off the airplane’s fuel tanks. According to a fuel receipt, 40.3 gallons of fuel were added to the airplane and a top-off was noted. The flight departed for NQA at 1832 and cruised uneventfully at 4,500 ft mean sea level. While enroute, the pilots switched between the left and right main fuel tanks and did not use the wingtip tanks during cruise. During the approach to land, the before-landing check was completed and the fuel selector was positioned to the left main tank. The instructor recalled that, during the approach, the left and right main inboard tanks indicated a little less than 10 gallons, and the wingtip tanks were indicating full; however, the fuel gauges were “bobbing” throughout the flight. The flight instructor further reported that, about 500 ft above ground level on final approach to runway 22 with full flaps, the engine suddenly “went quiet” and lost all power. The private pilot continued to fly the airplane, and the flight instructor stated, “best glide” airspeed, which the private pilot continued to maintain. Subsequently, the fuel selector was moved from the left main tank position to the left wingtip tank. Shortly after the fuel tank selector was moved, engine power began increasing; however, nearly simultaneously with this restoration of power, the airplane impacted terrain about 900 ft short of the runway threshold. The private pilot’s statement was consistent with the flight instructor’s description of the loss of engine power and collision with terrain. According to a Federal Aviation Administration inspector who examined the airplane at the accident site, the fuselage and wings sustained substantial damage. There was no fuel located in either the left main tank or left wingtip tank. About 15 gallons of fuel was drained from the right wingtip tank and about 3 gallons was drained from the right main tank. Examination of the airplane and engine found no evidence of preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation. The fuel system was evaluated for blockages, with none observed. The left main tank was evaluated for anyevidence of leakage, with none observed. The left wingtip tank sustained impact damage and was breached near the leading edge. The right main and wingtip tank were undamaged. According to the owner’s manual, the airplane was equipped with two inboard main wing fuel tanks that each held 25 gallons, and two outboard wingtip tanks that held 17 gallons of fuel. A fuel selector located on the floor center section of the cockpit enabled a selection of each tank individually, in addition to an OFF position. Fuel was delivered from the tank selected directly to the engine. The owner’s manual stated that the unusable fuel was about one pint per fuel tank. The owner’s manual further stated with regard to fuel management: Avoid switching tanks at low altitude since little recovery time is available in event of an error in tank selection. To preclude making a hasty decision, and to provide continuity of flow, the selector should be changed before fuel is exhausted from the tank in use. The owner’s manual stated that, “The main or tip tank with the highest quantity of fuel should be selected for landing.” According to the airplane flight manual, one of the placards required to be installed in the airplane stated, “USE MAIN TANKS FIRST.” This placard was present in the accident airplane’s cockpit. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N7748J](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N7748J), registered now, S/N 32-1152, built 1969 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: PIPER PA-32-260 (NO SERIES) - Registry model: [Piper PA-32-260](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-32-260) (registry code 7103206) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming 0-540 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-0-540-series) (registry code 41532, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 32-1152 - Year built: 1969 - Airframe hours: 4132 - Engines: LYCOMING O-540 235 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, June 8, 2023, 25 hours before - Departed: JKA, Gulf Shores, AL - Destination: NQA, Millington, TN - Flight plan: VFR - Airport: NQA, Millington/Memphis, runway 04/22, 8,000 × 200 ft, asphalt - Equipment: Stall warning system, ADS-B, Auto-pilot ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 58; injuries: none; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 3, with waivers/limitations; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 145 total, 12 in this make and model, 49 as pilot in command, 37 in the last 90 days, 25 in the last 30 days, 0 in the last 24 hours - Flight instructor; age 36; injuries: minor; commercial, flight instructor; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review September 18, 2023; seat: right; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 965 total, 15 in this make and model, 875 as pilot in command, 133 in the last 90 days, 56 in the last 30 days, 6 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night - Wind: calm - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 52 °F, dew point 37 °F - Altimeter: 29.90 inHg - Observed at: NQA, 1 nm away - METAR: METAR KNQA 040050Z 00000KT 10SM CLR 11/03 A2990= ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20231203020589A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20231203020589A), Dec 3, 2023: Piper PA-32-260, Millington, TN, Substantial damage. On December 3rd approximately 1832 local PA32-260 left kjka gulf shores, Alabama bound to knqa Millington TN. Upon arrival into the memphis area the pilot in… ## Other investigations on N7748J (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB MIA81FKT42](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA81FKT42), Apr 5, 1981: Piper PA-32 (N7748J), Pompano Beach, FL, substantial damage ## Docket (7 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on December 18, 2024, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=193467. 8.4 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 11 pages, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17757912&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%206120.1_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Memo for record (flight instructor) (item 2, PDF, 2 pages, 95 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17758427&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=MFR%20(Flight%20Instructor)-Rel.pdf - Airworthiness factual report (item 3, PDF, 7 pages, 195 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17758278&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA24LA054%20-%20Airworthiness%20Factual%20Report-Rel.pdf - Airplane information - manual excerpts (item 4, PDF, 10 pages, 1.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17758085&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Airplane%20Information%20-%20Manual%20Excerpts_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Departure airport fuel receipt (item 5, PDF, 3 pages, 1.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17757268&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Departure%20Airport%20Fuel%20Receipt%20-%20Redacted-Rel.pdf - Investigative photographs (item 6, PDF, 6 pages, 5 photos, 1.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17757828&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Investigative%20Photographs-Rel.pdf - Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 (item 7, PDF, 2 pages, 1.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=17758009&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Release%20of%20Wreckage%20-%20N7748J%20-%20Signed%20-%20Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.