# NTSB ERA24LA235: Temco/Lazier TT-1, N4486L, Laurel Hill, FL, June 1, 2024 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: May 31, 2024, 19:09 local (Jun 1, 2024, 00:09 UTC) - Place: Laurel Hill, FL · Farm field near 4933 County Highway 147 - Coordinates: 30.94, -86.36 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=30.9400&lon=-86.3600&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Enroute-descent: Fuel starvation](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 2 uninjured - Status: Completed, report October 29, 2025 - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO, GE Aerospace, Commemorative Air Force - NTSB case key (mKey): 194358 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA24LA235 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/194358/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=194358 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA24LA235 ## Probable cause The pilot’s delay in turning on the fuel tip tank transfer pumps after departure, resulting in fuel starvation to the engine, engine flameout, and a subsequent forced landing. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid management (probable cause); cases with it: [Temco/Lazier TT-1, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=8890503), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) - [Use of equip/info: use of equip/system](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Temco/Lazier TT-1, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015/cases.md?model=8890503), [All aircraft, 1,391 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Enroute-descent: Fuel starvation](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191) (defining event); cases with it: [Temco/Lazier TT-1, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191/sequence.md?model=8890503), [All aircraft, 733 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191/sequence.md) - [Enroute-descent: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341); cases with it: [Temco/Lazier TT-1, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=8890503), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Emergency descent: Off-field or emergency landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440); cases with it: [Temco/Lazier TT-1, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md?model=8890503), [All aircraft, 3,365 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md) ## Analysis The pilot of the vintage jet trainer airplane reported that he departed on a cross-country positioning flight with a reported full fuel load of 224 gallons. After uneventful ground operations, takeoff, and departure, he climbed to a cruise altitude of 12,500 ft. About 33 minutes into the flight, he began his descent to the destination airport. About 6 minutes after he began his descent, the pilot observed the “FUEL PRESSURE LOW” annunciator illuminate in the cockpit. He stated that he immediately verified the electric fuel boost pump was On and the switches for fuel transfer from the tip tanks to the main tanks were both in the On position. The engine subsequently flamed out, and his attempts to restart it were unsuccessful. Unable to glide to his destination, the pilot performed a forced landing in a field. The airplane contacted a barbed wire fence and uneven terrain during the landing, resulting in substantial damage to the airframe. Examination of the engine after the accident revealed no evidence of case rupture or fluid leakage. The engine was twice rotated using the battery-powered starter, for about 10 seconds; the spool-up sounded normal, and no unusual engine noises were noted. About 33 gallons of fuel was found in the left tip tank and about 40 gallons in the right tip tank, although some fuel leakage was possible after ground impact. About 30 gallons of fuel was recovered from the main tanks after the accident. The airplane’s fuel system was designed such that fuel transferred from the tip tanks to the main fuel tanks in the wings. The examination also revealed that the fuel transfer switches in the cockpit were found in the On positions. Pilots were advised to burn 60 gallons from the main tanks before turning the transfer pumps on. However, there were no fuel quantity indicators installed for the main tanks, so fuel burn had to be estimated based on power demand. The average fuel burn during the accident flight was estimated to be about 222 gallons per hour based on data recovered from a fuel flow indicator installed in the airplane. Based on the 224 gallons of fuel in the main tanks at the start of the flight, the time spent in flight (including taxi, takeoff, and climb), the airplane’s average fuel burn rate during the flight of 222 gallons per hour, and the 80-gallon-per-hour fuel transfer rate from the tip tanks to the main tanks, the pilot likely delayed turning the fuel transfer switches on after takeoff, which allowed fuel to burn from the main tanks faster than it could be transferred from the tip tanks to the main tanks. The engine then flamed out due to an inadequate supply of fuel in the main tanks. The reason that fuel was found in the main tanks after the accident was because the battery-powered fuel transfer pumps continued to operate after the engine flamed out. ## Factual narrative On May 31, 2024, about 1909 central daylight time, a Temco/Lazier TT-1 airplane, N4486L, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Laurel Hill, Florida. The commercial pilot and one passenger were not injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 positioning flight. The purpose of the flight was to reposition the vintage jet trainer airplane from Tuscaloosa National Airport (TCL), Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to Bob Sikes Airport (CEW), Crestview, Florida. The pilot reported that he departed from TCL at 1826 with the fuel tanks “topped off” at 224 gallons. After 33 minutes at a cruise altitude of 12,500 ft, he began the descent to CEW. At 1905, the “FUEL PRESSURE LOW” annunciator illuminated in the cockpit. He stated that he immediately verified the electric fuel boost pump was On and the switches for fuel transfer from the tip tanks to the main tanks were both in the On position. The engine flamed out and he attempted unsuccessfully the restart procedures several times. Unable to glide the airplane to CEW, the pilot performed a forced landing to a nearby field with the landing gear retracted and full flaps lowered. The airplane touched down and was damaged after landing on uneven terrain and contacting a barbed-wire fence. Postaccident examination revealed substantial damage to the aft fuselage and that the empennage had separated consistent with impact. The outboard sections of both wings were buckled downward, with the wingtip fuel tanks still attached. The forward fuselage and wings were intact except for scraping damage to the lower fuselage. The left tip tank had a tear in the outer aluminum skin but the interior bladder was undamaged. The airplane was equipped with 50-gallon tip tanks on each wing and three bladder tanks inside each wing, with a total capacity of 62 gallons per wing. The total fuel capacity for the airplane, including the tip tanks, was 224 gallons. Wreckage recovery personnel reported that there were about 33 gallons of fuel were recovered from the left tip tank, and about 40 gallons were recovered from the right tip tank. About 30 gallons in total were recovered from the two inboard wing tanks (the four outboard wing tanks were empty). In total, about 103 gallons total were recovered from the entire fuel system. The amounts of fuel were estimates only and were not exactly measured. The airplane was equipped with 50-gallon tip tanks on each wing, and three bladder tanks inside each wing with a total capacity, per wing, of 62 gallons A fuel transfer pump was fitted to the lower side of each tip tank. By design, fuel was transferred to the main wing tanks using the transfer pumps, operated by electrical switches in the cockpit, installed in the tip tanks. Both tip tank pump switches were found in the On position after the accident. A guidance document found in the airplane after the accident advised pilots to burn 60 gallons from the main tanks before turning thetransfer pumps on. There were no fuel quantity indicators installed for the main tanks, so fuel burn had to be estimated based on power demand. According to the operator, the pumps would continue to operate after engine flameout if battery power was available. The postaccident examination of the engine revealed no evidence of case rupture or fluid leakage. During the examination, the pumps were energized with a battery source, and they operated normally. The fuel quantity transducers were removed, and they were tested and found to operate normally. The engine was twice rotated using the battery-powered starter, each time for about 10 seconds; the spool-up sounded normal with no unusual engine noises were noted. The airplane was equipped with a Shadin Avionics fuel flow indicator, which was removed from the instrument panel and sent to the NTSB Vehicle Recorders Laboratory for examination and download of its nonvolatile memory. The data revealed that 144 gallons of fuel had been used, and 81.4 gallons of fuel remained at engine power-off. According to the operator, the transfer rate from both tip tanks was about 80 gallons per hour total, or 1.33 gallons per minute. According to recorded fuel flow data, the average fuel burn for the accident flight was about 222 gallons per hour. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N4486L](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N4486L), registered now, S/N 12, built 2021 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: TEMCO/LAZIER TT-1 - Registry model: [Temco/Lazier TT-1](https://openairdocs.org/model/temco-lazier-tt-1) (registry code 8890503) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [GE CJ610-5&6](https://openairdocs.org/engine/ge-cj610-5-6) (registry code 30013, turbo-jet) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 12 - Year built: 1957 - Engines: GE CJ610-6 2780 lbs thrust turbo jet - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Positioning, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Special, Experimental (Special) - Last inspection: Condition, July 12, 2023, 20.2 hours before - Departed: TCL, Tuscaloosa, AL - Destination: CEW, Crestview, FL - Equipment: Handheld GPS, Angle of attack indicator, ADS-B, Stall warning system ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 67; injuries: none; commercial, private; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review November 24, 2023; seat: front; restraint: 4-point; flight hours: 5,300 total, 18 in this make and model, 5,200 as pilot in command, 25 in the last 90 days, 8 in the last 30 days ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: calm - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 75 °F, dew point 66 °F - Altimeter: 30.07 inHg - Observed at: KCEW, 13 nm away - METAR: METAR KCEW 312353Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 24/19 A3007 RMK AO2 RAB04E17 SLP180 P0000 60000 T02440194 10356 20233 53013 ## Docket (7 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on October 29, 2025, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=194358. 11.0 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 11 pages, 2.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=18437924&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=1%206120_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Maintenance logbook excerpts (item 2, PDF, 3 pages, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=18437698&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Maintenance%20Logbook%20Excerpts_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Investigation photographs (item 3, PDF, 12 pages, 2.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=18437845&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=3%20Investigation%20Photographs-Rel.pdf - NTSB examination summary (item 4, PDF, 7 pages, 149 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=19145851&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=4%20NTSB%20Examination%20Summary-Rel.pdf - Email report - shadin fuel flow indicator (item 5, PDF, 3 pages, 544 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=19236479&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA24LA235%20(Temco%20TT-1,%20N4486L,%20Laurel%20Hill,%20FL,%2031%20May%202024)%20Fuel%20Flow%20Indicator%20Email%20Report_Redacted-Rel.pdf - NTSB mor - shadin fuel flow indicator download (item 6, PDF, 1 page, 62 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=19169785&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20MOR%20Shadin%20Fuel%20Computer%20Download-Rel.pdf - Statement of party representatives to NTSB investigation (item 7, PDF, 16 pages, 3.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=18438917&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=5%20Party%20Forms%20and%20Guidance_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. 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