# NTSB FTW95FA359: Mooney M20F, N3768N, Red Cliff, CO, August 23, 1995 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: August 23, 1995, 10:17 local (16:17 UTC) - Place: Red Cliff, CO - Coordinates: 39.500587, -106.361 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=39.5006&lon=-106.3610&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 2 fatal - Status: Completed, report February 14, 1996 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 19246 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=FTW95FA359 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/19246/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95FA359 ## Probable cause IMPROPER IN-FLIGHT PLANNING/DECISION BY THE FLIGHT CREW, AND THEIR FAILURE TO MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT AIRSPEED OVER MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN, WHICH RESULTED IN AN INADVERTENT STALL AND COLLISION WITH TERRAIN. FACTORS RELATING TO THE ACCIDENT WERE: HIGH DENSITY ALTITUDE, RISING TERRAIN, THE FLIGHT CREW'S LACK OF MOUNTAIN FLYING EXPERIENCE, AND OVERCONFIDENCE IN THEIR PERSONAL ABILITIES. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of control - in flight, maneuvering - in-flight planning/decision - improper, flightcrew (cause) - weather condition - high density altitude (contributing factor) - terrain condition - rising (contributing factor) - airspeed - not maintained, flightcrew (cause) - stall - inadvertent, flightcrew (cause) - lack of total experience in type operation, flightcrew (contributing factor) - overconfidence in personal ability, flightcrew (contributing factor) - In flight collision with terrain/water, descent - uncontrolled - terrain condition - mountainous/hilly ## Analysis TWO FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS TOLD THE AIRPLANE OPERATOR THAT THEY PLANNED TO MAKE A LOCAL FLIGHT, AND THEY RESERVED THE AIRPLANE FOR FLIGHT ON THE NEXT DAY. BEFORE FLIGHT, THEY TOLD AN AIRPORT RECEPTIONIST AND A FRIEND THAT THEY WERE GOING TO FLY IN THE MOUNTAINS. THEY DEPARTED WATKINS, COLORADO AT 0800. AT ABOUT 0930, THEY LANDED AT LEADVILLE AIRPORT, THE HIGHEST AIRPORT IN NORTH AMERICA. SHORTLY AFTER 1000, TWO WITNESSES SAW AN AIRPLANE FLYING AT LOW ALTITUDE INTO THE PEARL CREEK DRAINAGE. THE WRECKAGE WAS LOCATED AT THE 10,800 FOOT LEVEL. THE AREA WAS SURROUNDED BY THREE MOUNTAIN PEAKS (12,365 FEET, 12,693 FEET, AND 12,247 FEET). A CRATER WAS FOUND WHERE THE AIRPLANE HAD CRASHED. THE AIRPLANE CAME TO REST ABOUT 45 FEET FROM THE CRATER. THE PROPELLER BLADES HAD CURLED TIPS AND CHORDWISE SCRATCHES, INDICATING THAT THE ENGINE WAS PROVIDING POWER DURING IMPACT. EXAMINATION OF BOTH PILOTS' LOGBOOKS DISCLOSED NO DOCUMENTATION OF MOUNTAIN FLYING EXPERIENCE AND NO RECORD OF HAVING RECEIVED A MOUNTAIN FLYING CHECKOUT. ## Factual narrative HISTORY OF FLIGHT On August 23, 1995, approximately 1017 mountain daylight time (MDT), a Mooney M20F, N3768N, was destroyed when it impacted terrain while maneuvering 7 miles southeast of Red Cliff, Colorado. The two commercial pilots were fatally injured. The flight, conducted under Title 14 CFR Part 91, originated at Watkins, Colorado, approximately 0800 MDT. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time, and no flight plan was filed for the personal flight. According to the airplane operator, the pilots were employed by the operator as flight instructors. They had reserved the airplane the day before the accident, and indicated they were going to make a local flight. According to the Civil Air Patrol (CAP), however, the pilots told the airport receptionist they were planning to fly in the mountains, with possible landings at Eagle and Aspen, Colorado, and would return about 1300. CAP said this information was corroborated by the pilot's girl friend. When the pilots failed to return, an ALNOT (alert notice) was issued. The fixed base operator at Leadville, Colorado, reported N3768N landed at the airport at 0930 MDT. She said as the airplane taxied towards the ramp, the engine quit and she suspected the pilot had not leaned the fuel mixture for the airport's high elevation (Leadville Airport is 9,927 feet above mean sea level). She said the pilot restarted the engine and taxied the airplane up to the operations office. The right seat occupant got out and came into the office while the other pilot remained in the airplane with its engine running. He asked for and was given two certificates to indicate the pilots had landed at North America's highest airport. He returned to the airplane and it departed at 0945 MDT. Three witnesses reported seeing an airplane matching the description of N3768N. One, a patrolling Eagle County sheriff's deputy (who is also a commercial pilot), said he saw a red and white Mooney pass over Avon, Colorado, approximately 0945, flying along I-70 in a southeast direction towards Minturn, Colorado. He estimated its altitude to be between 600 and 700 feet, "low enough that I was able to see that the cowl flaps were open," he reported. Two other witnesses, both U.S. Forest Service employees taking water samples 1 mile south of Red Cliff, Colorado, observed a "low wing, single engine airplane with a retractable landing gear, red and white in color," pass over them at an estimated altitude of 300 feet. They said the airplane banked left at Camp Hale and disappeared from view, flying in a direction towards Pearl Creek. The wreckage was located the following afternoon by a Civil Air Patrol search plane in the Pearl Creek drainage at about the 10,800-foot level. CREW INFORMATION The operator said that if he had known the pilots were planning to fly in the mountains, he would not have authorized the flight because their mountain flying experience was extremely limited. Examination of the pilots' logbooks disclosed no documentation that either had ever received a mountain flying checkout or had ever flown in mountainous terrain. A CAP spokesman said one of its pilot-instructors, experienced in mountain flying, knew the two pilots and had offered to give both of them a mountain flying checkout free of charge. They reportedly declined the offer, saying they already knew how to fly in the mountains. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The wreckage was located in a sloping meadow at approximately the 11,000-foot level, at timberline, surrounded by Sugarloaf Peak (12,365 feet), Elk Mountain (12,693 feet), and Pearl Peak (12,247 feet). The separated propeller was located next to a ground crater. Using the crater as a reference point, a ground scar extended 22 feet on a magnetic heading of 184 degrees. At the end of the scar were red lens fragments. Another ground scar extended 15 feet on a magnetic heading of 344 degrees. At the end of this scar were green lens fragments. Forty-five feet from the crater and on a magnetic heading of 036 degrees was the airplane. It had come to rest on a magnetic heading of 256 degrees. One propeller blade was bent forward and the other blade was curled aft about 8 inches from their respective tips. Both cambered surfaces bore 90 degree chordwise scratches and the leading edges were gouged. The spinner had spiralling scratch marks. The right wing remained attached to the fuselage. The inverted left wing lay next to and parallel to the fuselage. There was a circumferential split in the fuselage, just aft of the baggage compartment, and the empennage was inverted. The cabin roof was peeled back, exposing the cockpit. There was a 30 degree crush line at the engine firewall. Control continuity was established to all flight controls. MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION Autopsies were performed by Dr. Ben Galloway at the Jefferson County Coroner's Office, Golden, Colorado. Toxicological protocols were conducted by FAA's Civil Aeromedical Institute. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The wreckage was released to the owner-operator on August 30, 1995. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N3768N](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N3768N-1997-01-21), registration cancelled 1997-01-21, S/N 680112 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: MOONEY M20F - Registry model: [Mooney M20F](https://openairdocs.org/model/mooney-m20f) (registry code 5870214) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 680112 - Airframe hours: 3250 - Engines: LYCOMING IO-360-A1A 200 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Flight Training Center, Inc. - Registered owner: Carl H. Scott/Larry L. Wagner - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, June 1, 1995 - Departed: LXV, LEADVILLE, CO - Destination: FTG, WATKINS, CO ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 23; commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, valid medical--no waivers/lim.; seat: left; toxicology performed; flight hours: 467 total, 45 in this make and model, 382 as pilot in command, 28 in the last 30 days ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: calm - Visibility: 30 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 20,000 ft broken - Temperature: 61 °F, dew point 48 °F - Altimeter: 30.00 inHg - Observed at: LXV, 14 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19950823025319A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19950823025319A), Aug 23, 1995: Mooney M20F, Leadville, CO, Destroyed, 2 fatal. Two CFI pilots landed highest level airport. Found later, vertical impact in mountains. No mountain flying checkout From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.