# NTSB FTW97LA124: Piper PA-28-180, N4860T, Fort Collins, CO, March 15, 1997 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: March 15, 1997, 12:20 local (19:20 UTC) - Place: Fort Collins, CO - Coordinates: 40.649204, -105.029304 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=40.6492&lon=-105.0293&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Initial climb](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 1 minor, 3 uninjured - Status: Completed, report April 10, 1998 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 20171 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=FTW97LA124 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/20171/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=20171 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA124 ## Probable cause The pilot's failure to remove completely ice/frost from the wing, impeding the airplane's aerodynamic performance. Factors were wing contamination by frost and ice. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of control - in flight, takeoff - initial climb - ice/frost removal from aircraft - not performed, company/operator management - ice/frost removal from aircraft - inadequate, pilot in command (cause) - wing - frost (contributing factor) - wing - ice (contributing factor) - On ground/water collision with object, landing - roll - precautionary landing - performed, pilot in command - object - tree(s) - object - aircraft parked/standing ## Analysis As the airplane took off, witnesses near the departure end of the runway said it appeared to be 'staggering out.' The pilot said the engine lost partial power and reversed course to make an emergency downwind landing. The airplane touched down on the runway at midfield but at a 45 degree angle. It continued across the ground, jumped a ditch, hit a tree, and collided with three parked airplanes before coming to a halt. The pilot said an employee of the operator helped clean snow off the wings. The employee denied this, stating he only gave a broom to the pilot. The employee did notice snow and ice on the wings and told the pilot he would have to remove it before flying. The front seat passenger said the pilot used a broom to clean snow off the wings by himself. He did not recall the engine lost power, but said the airplane was flying low and was not climbing. He did not remember if any snow or ice remained on the wings prior to takeoff. One passenger recalled seeing icicles hanging from, and approximately 2 inches of snow on, the wings. They assisted the pilot by using their arms to brush the snow and ice off the wings. They said the wings were clean before they took off. Examination of the engine disclosed no evidence that would preclude power from being developed. Calculations indicate the airplane was near maximum gross weight and within c.g. limits. ## Factual narrative On March 15, 1997, approximately 1220 mountain standard time, a Piper PA-28-180, N4860T, operated by Northern Colorado Air Charter, was destroyed when it collided with parked aircraft during a forced landing at Fort Collins, Colorado. One passenger sustained minor injuries, but the private pilot and two other passengers were not injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed for the personal flight conducted under Title 14 CFR Part 91. The flight was originating when the accident occurred. The following is based on a telephone interview with the pilot, his subsequent written accident report, and witness statements. The airplane took off on runway 11. Witnesses in the airport administration building said that when the airplane passed the departure end of the runway, it was at an extremely low altitude and appeared to be "staggering out." The pilot said that after making a 45 degree right turn for noise abatement, the engine lost power. "It felt like it was operating at 1,800 rpm," he wrote, and said it felt like the throttle "came halfway out. The airplane wasn't climbing very well" (the pilot reported the same sequence of events to the Larimer County Sheriff Office, see attached report). The pilot called on Unicom and announced he was making an emergency landing on runway 29. He then made a shallow left turn to return to the airport. When the pilot reduced power, the airplane landed hard at midfield on the runway but at a 45 degree angle. The airplane continued across the ground, jumped a ditch, hit a tree, and collided with three parked airplanes before coming to a halt. The three occupants evacuated the airplane as it caught fire. N4860T was destroyed in the ensuing fire. The airplanes struck were a Beech C24R (minor damage), a Cessna 152 (destroyed), and a Piper PA-28-235 (substantial damage). Several pilots flying in the traffic pattern heard the emergency call on the radio and observed the accident. They noted the nose high attitude of the airplane, and said the pilot should have landed in the field adjacent to the runway. When the pilot was interviewed by telephone, he stated that an employee of the operator helped clean snow off the wings. The employee denied this, stating he only gave a broom to the pilot. When the employee noticed the pilot was having difficulty starting the engine, he assisted by performing a "flooded" start. When he exited the airplane, he noticed snow and ice on the wings and told the pilot he would have to remove it before flying. The pilot said he cleaned the wings off again. The the non-pilot rated passengers said they went inside the administration building to keep warm. This time they did not assist the pilot in cleaning the airplane nor did they observe him cleaning the airplane. The two rear seat passengers said that when they reboarded the airplane, the wings had been cleaned off. The pilot said he leaned the mixture for takeoff, using a power setting of 2,000 rpm "because this is what I had been taught." According to Textron Lycoming, the mixture should be leaned at full (takeoff) power. If the mixture is leaned at a power setting less than full power, the mixture will enrich as power is applied. The passengers were individually interviewed by telephone. The passenger seated in the right front seat said the pilot used a broom to clean snow off the wings. He cleaned the airplane by himself. The passenger preoccupied himself with "wiggling the controls (surfaces)." After takeoff, he watched the engine instruments and did not recall the engine losing power. What got his attention was that the airplane was low and was not climbing. He did not remember if there was any ice or snow on the wings prior to departure. The passengers in the rear seats said the airplane "was in a slow climb," or "didn't climb very fast" until "it could not climb anymore." Neither passenger said anything about a power loss. The passenger in the right rear seat did say that when they first inspected the airplane, there were icicles hanging from and approximately 2 inches of snow on the wings. He said he and his wife assisted the pilot and used their arms to brush snow and ice off the wings. He said the wings were clean before they took off. Two days later, the engine was examined at Beegles Aircraft Service in Greeley, Colorado, with a representative of Textron Lycoming in attendance. Drive train continuity was established. The spark plugs were of normal color and burn pattern. The left magneto sparked when turned by hand. The plastic distributor gear in the right magneto had melted and the unit could not be functionally tested. The carburetor contained residual fuel and was unremarkable. No evidence was found that would preclude power from being developed. Weight and balance calculations were made. Using the weights given by the occupants to the Larimer County Sheriff's Office; the aircraft empty weight contained in the Airplane Flight Manual; full fuel, oil, and no baggage, it was estimated the airplane weighed 2,388.2 pounds. The airplane's maximum gross weight is 2,400 pounds. The center of gravity was 91.85 inches aft of datum. Center of gravity limits (at that weight) is 91.0 inches to 95.9 inches aft of datum. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N4860T](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N4860T-2017-06-21), registration cancelled 2017-06-21, S/N 28-7205211, built 1972 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Piper PA-28-180 - Registry model: [Piper PA-28-180](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-28-180) (registry code 7102808) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming O&VO-360 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-o-vo-360-series) (registry code 41514, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 28-7205211 - Airframe hours: 6210 - Engines: Lycoming O-360-A4M 180 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Fire: On-Ground - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Registered owner: Northern Colorado Air Charter - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, February 14, 1997, 40 hours before - Departed: 3V5 - Airport: 3V5, Fort Collins Downtown, runway 29, 4,699 × 48 ft, asphalt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 21; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 3, valid medical--no waivers/lim.; seat: left; flight hours: 105 total, 15 in this make and model, 35 as pilot in command, 3 in the last 90 days, 2 in the last 30 days, 1 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 130° at 3 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 25 °F, dew point 21 °F - Altimeter: 30.00 inHg - Observed at: FNL, 8 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19970315003181A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19970315003181A), Mar 15, 1997: Piper PA28180, Ft Collins, CO, Substantial damage. Aircraft was taking off, airborne but seen staggering out. Crashed into pilot center. Three other aircraft hit. ## Other investigations on N4860T (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB NYC74DGM09](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC74DGM09), Oct 11, 1973: Piper PA-28 (N4860T), Jeanette, PA, substantial damage ## Docket (6 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on March 18, 2022, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=20171. 1.1 MB in all. - Supplement s (item 1, PDF, 1 page, 28 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=1491823&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Supplement%20S-Master.pdf - Pilot-operator aircraft accident report NTSB form 61201-2 (item 2, PDF, 9 pages, 437 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13388103&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Pilot-Operator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report%20NTSB%20Form%2061201-2-Master-Rel.pdf - Witness statements (item 3, PDF, 3 pages, 67 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13388000&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Witness%20Statements-Master-Rel.pdf - Maps or charts of accident area wreckage diagrams (item 4, PDF, 2 pages, 78 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=1491829&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Maps%20or%20Charts%20of%20Accident%20Area%20Wreckage%20Diagrams-Master.pdf - Reports from local agencies (item 5, PDF, 8 pages, 318 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13388705&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Reports%20from%20Local%20Agencies-Master-Rel.pdf - Miscellaneous (item 6, PDF, 5 pages, 213 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13389027&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Miscellaneous-Master-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.