# NTSB GAA16CA364: Cessna 172RG, N5100V, Manhattan, KS, July 1, 2016

- Type: NTSB accident investigation
- Classification: Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report
- Date: July 1, 2016, 10:00 local (16:00 UTC)
- Place: Manhattan, KS
- Coordinates: 39.141944, -96.668891 (estimated)
- Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=39.1419&lon=-96.6689&mi=10
- Phase of flight: [Landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550) (OpenAirDocs' grouping)
- Defining event: [Landing: Landing gear not configured](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/095)
- Highest injury: No injuries
- Injuries: 2 uninjured
- Status: Completed, report August 31, 2016
- Report: Approved by Office Director
- NTSB office: General Aviation Accidents
- Parties: FAA
- NTSB case key (mKey): 93573
- NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=GAA16CA364
- NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/93573/pdf
- NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=93573
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA16CA364

## Probable cause

The flight instructor and pilot receiving instruction's omission to use an appropriate checklist and extend the landing gear prior to landing, which resulted in substantial damage to the aircraft's fuselage and bulkhead.

## Findings

NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause.

- [Landing gear system: gear extension and retract sys](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01023230): Aircraft › Aircraft systems · Not used/operated (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 10 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01023230/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 416 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01023230/cases.md)
- [Use of equip/info: use of checklist](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063030): Personnel issues › Task performance · Student/instructed pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 4 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063030/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 336 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063030/cases.md)
- [Use of equip/info: use of checklist](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063030): Personnel issues › Task performance · Instructor/check pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 4 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063030/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 336 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063030/cases.md)
- [Action: forgotten action/omission](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041035): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Student/instructed pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 8 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041035/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 440 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041035/cases.md)
- [Action: forgotten action/omission](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041035): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Instructor/check pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 8 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041035/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 440 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041035/cases.md)
- [Attention/monitoring: monitoring other person](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021535): Personnel issues › Psychological · Instructor/check pilot; cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021535/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 200 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021535/cases.md)
- [Use of equip/info: use of equip/system](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015): Personnel issues › Task performance · Student/instructed pilot; cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 1,391 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015/cases.md)
- [Attention/monitoring: task monitoring/vigilance](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021520): Personnel issues › Psychological · Instructor/check pilot; cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021520/cases.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 330 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021520/cases.md)

## Sequence of events

The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened.

- [Landing: Miscellaneous/other](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/900); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/900/sequence.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 1,556 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/900/sequence.md)
- [Landing: Landing gear not configured](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/095) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 15 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/095/sequence.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 584 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/095/sequence.md)
- [Landing: Abnormal runway contact](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090); cases with it: [Cessna 172RG, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090/sequence.md?model=2072438), [All aircraft, 1,506 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/090/sequence.md)

## Analysis

The pilot reported that he was receiving instruction in an airplane with retractable landing gear. He further reported that during landing, the airplane touched down and began sliding on the concrete runway, and he "knew something was wrong". The flight instructor reported that he was the pilot in command of the airplane and that on final both pilots were on the controls. He further reported that he realized there was an issue when he heard metal on pavement. The airplane impacted the runway with its landing gear retracted, causing substantial damage to the fuselage and bulkhead. The pilot receiving instruction reported that there were no pre impact mechanical failures or malfunctions with the airframe or engine that would have precluded normal operation. There was a post-accident landing gear aural warning horn check/test conducted, with no maintenance issues found.

## Factual narrative

The pilot reported that he was receiving instruction in an airplane with retractable landing gear. He further reported that during landing, the airplane touched down and began sliding on the concrete runway, and he "knew something was wrong". The flight instructor reported that he was the pilot in command of the airplane and that on final both pilots were on the controls. He further reported that he realized there was an issue when he heard metal on pavement. The airplane impacted the runway with its landing gear retracted, causing substantial damage to the fuselage and bulkhead. The pilot receiving instruction reported that there were no pre impact mechanical failures or malfunctions with the airframe or engine that would have precluded normal operation. There was a post-accident landing gear aural warning horn check/test conducted, with no maintenance issues found.

## Aircraft

- Registration: [N5100V](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N5100V), registered now, S/N 172RG0450, built 1980 (OpenAirDocs)
- Reported make and model: CESSNA 172RG (NO SERIES)
- Registry model: [Cessna 172RG](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172rg) (registry code 2072438) (OpenAirDocs)
- Registry engine: [Lycoming O&VO-360 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-o-vo-360-series) (registry code 41514, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs)
- Category: Airplane
- Serial number: 172RG0450
- Year built: 1980
- Airframe hours: 9529.3
- Engines: LYCOMING O-360-F1A6 180 horsepower reciprocating
- Damage: Substantial damage
- Flight: Instructional, Part 91
- Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal
- Last inspection: Annual, May 4, 2016
- Departed: MHK, Manhattan, KS
- Destination: MHK, Manhattan, KS
- Airport: MHK, Manhattan Rgnl, runway 03, 7,000 × 150 ft, concrete
- Equipment: Electronic flight bag or handheld device

## Flight crew

As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names.

- Student pilot; age 35; injuries: none; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 3, without waivers/limitations; last flight review April 4, 2016; seat: left; flight hours: 450 total, 2 in this make and model, 450 as pilot in command, 15 in the last 90 days, 5 in the last 30 days, 2 in the last 24 hours
- Flight instructor; age 32; injuries: none; flight instructor, commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine sea, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, with waivers/limitations; last flight review July 28, 2016; seat: right; flight hours: 350 total, 20 in this make and model, 243 as pilot in command, 90 in the last 90 days, 50 in the last 30 days, 4 in the last 24 hours

## Weather

- Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day
- Wind: 70° at 8 knots
- Visibility: 10 statute miles
- Lowest ceiling: none
- Temperature: 75 °F, dew point 61 °F
- Altimeter: 30.13 inHg
- Observed at: KMHK, 1 nm away

## FAA reports on this event (1)

The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs).

- [Accident 20160701010229A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20160701010229A), Jul 1, 2016: Cessna 172RG, Manhattan, KS, Substantial damage. On July 1, 2016, the airman was involved in an aircraft accident while landing a Cessna 172 rg at the Manhattan regional airport, Manhattan Kansas (kmhk). The…

## Docket (7 files)

The files NTSB released with the investigation on August 16, 2016, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=93573. 4.3 MB in all.

- Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 828 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443154&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Master.PDF
- Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 - Flight Instructor (item 2, .PDF, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443155&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1%20-%20Flight%20Instructor-Master.PDF
- Reports from Federal Agencies (item 3, .PDF, 119 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443157&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Reports%20from%20Federal%20Agencies-Master.PDF
- Record of Conversation with Pilot Receiving Instruction (item 4, .PDF, 185 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443158&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Record%20of%20Conversation%20with%20Pilot%20Receiving%20Instruction-Master.PDF
- Record of Conversation with Airplane Mechanic/Owner (item 5, .PDF, 183 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443159&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Record%20of%20Conversation%20with%20Airplane%20Mechanic%2FOwner-Master.PDF
- Record of Conversation with Flight Instructor (item 6, .PDF, 91 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443160&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Record%20of%20Conversation%20with%20Flight%20Instructor-Master.PDF
- Airplane Photos (Courtesy of FAA) (item 7, .PDF, 2 photos, 703 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443156&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Airplane%20Photos%20(Courtesy%20of%20FAA)-Master.PDF

From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model.

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