# NTSB LAX02LA274: Cessna 172I, N404SW, Tucson, AZ, September 2, 2002 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: September 2, 2002, 12:02 local (19:02 UTC) - Place: Tucson, AZ - Coordinates: 32.116111, -110.941108 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=32.1161&lon=-110.9411&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Taxi](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/250) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 2 uninjured - Status: Completed, report September 29, 2004 - Report: Approved by Office Director - Parties: Tucson Airport Authority, Federal Aviation Administration - NTSB case key (mKey): 55641 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=LAX02LA274 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/55641/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX02LA274 ## Probable cause the certified flight instructor's failure to maintain an adequate distance from a jet during taxi. A factor was the local/ground controller's failure to issue a safety alert or cautionary advisory to the pilot with regards to the jet blast of the departing Boeing 737. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Propeller blast or jet exhaust/suction, taxi - from landing - clearance - not maintained, pilot in command(cfi) (cause) - propeller/jet blast encounter - encountered - unsafe/hazardous condition warning - not issued, atc personnel(lcl/gnd/clnc) (contributing factor) - procedures/directives - not complied with, atc personnel(lcl/gnd/clnc) (contributing factor) - On ground/water encounter with terrain/water, taxi - from landing - terrain condition - ground ## Analysis The right wing impacted the pavement after encountering jet blast from a transport category airplane taxiing onto a runway. The accident airplane had been instructed by ground control to taxi along a route that placed it behind a Boeing 737, which was holding short of the runway for a takeoff clearance. The certified flight instructor (CFI) directed his student to taxi as far to the right side of the 75-foot-wide taxiway as possible to avoid the jet blast of the Boeing 737. As their airplane passed behind the jet, the Boeing spooled up its engines and proceeded onto the runway for takeoff. The CFI and student were on the ground controller's frequency, and were not aware that the jet had been cleared for takeoff by the local controller on tower frequency. Controllers issued no safety alerts or cautionary advisories as instructed by Air Traffic Control Order 7110.65N, 3-1-4. The airplane's left wing rose into the air while the right impacted the pavement twice. The propeller also struck the pavement. Ground scars and a paint streak were near the right edge and outside of the taxiway boundary line. ## Factual narrative On September 02, 2002, at 1202 mountain standard time, the right wing of a Cessna 172I, N404SW, struck the pavement after the airplane encountered jet blast from a departing commercial transport airplane while taxing to the ramp after landing at Tucson International Airport (TUS), Tucson, Arizona. The airplane sustained substantial damage, and both the certified flight instructor (CFI) and student pilot were uninjured. Arizona Aero-Tech was operating the airplane as an instructional flight under the provisions of 14 CFR Part 91. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan had been filed. The local instructional flight departed Tucson about 1100. According to the CFI, they had just landed on runway 11R and were taxiing to the west ramp via taxiway Alpha as directed by ground control. A United Airlines Boeing 737 was holding short at taxiway A4 (Alpha Four) for takeoff on runway 11L. The CFI was discussing jet blast awareness with his student as they were passing behind the jet. They taxied as far to the right side as they could to avoid the potential hazard. The Boeing 737 was not on the ground frequency. It was monitoring the tower while awaiting takeoff clearance. As the Cessna began to merge back in toward the middle of the taxiway, the left wing rose into the air. The right wing hit the pavement two times as the airplane oscillated and then weathervaned towards the jet. The propeller also struck the pavement. After the airplane stabilized, the instructor shut down the engine, and turned the master electrical switch off. The CFI and student exited the airplane. Tucson Airport Police interviewed Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower personnel. ATC cleared the United Boeing 737 for takeoff. It had been holding short of runway 11L at taxiway intersection A4 in proximity to where the Cessna was taxiing. Reportedly, no personnel in the tower cab could determine where the Cessna was in relation to the 737 as the jet throttled up and began its takeoff roll. Both airplanes were on their respective frequencies for their related positions on the movement area. Air Traffic Control Order 7110.65N, 3-1-4 states that local and ground controllers shall exchange information as necessary for the safe and efficient use of airport runways and movement areas. There are also directions in Chapter 2 to issue cautionary information to any aircraft when in the opinion of the controller; wake turbulence may have an adverse effect on it. "The words jet blast may be used by controllers in lieu of wake turbulence." The National Transporation Safety Board investigator obtained the radio transmission recordings for Tucson International Airport's tower and ground frequencies. The United 737 had been cleared to taxi from the gate to A4 prior to the Cessna coming onto ground control frequency. The local controller handed off the Cessna to the ground controller's frequency after the landing on runway 11R, and after it had crossed 11L (the parallel runway). Ground control issued instructions for the Cessna to make a left on taxiway Alpha and hold short of runway 21. The pilot followed the transmission with a read back of the clearance and hold short instructions. The recording demonstrated that after receiving clearance to taxi, 1 minute 51 seconds went by before the Cessna radioed to advise the ground controller of the incident. "The United 737 jet blast had popped the airplane over and they were deciding where to go as the prop was damaged." The controller issued only one instruction in that time frame, which was to have another taxiing aircraft give way to the Cessna. Overall, six calls to ground control were on the tape during the 5 minute 44 second period prior to the accident. ATC issued no safety alerts or cautionary advisories. Examination of the airplane revealed damage to the right wing spar. One propeller blade was twisted, the other sustained tip damage. Strike marks were on the pavement near the right side boundary of taxiway Alpha. Tucson Airport Authority reported taxiway Alpha as being 75 feet wide and taxiway A4 having a length of 425 feet. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N404SW](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N404SW), registered now, S/N 17256702, built 1968 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Cessna 172I - Registry model: [Cessna 172I](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172i) (registry code 2072426) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming 0-320 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-0-320-series) (registry code 41508, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 17256702 - Airframe hours: 7900 - Engines: Avco Lycoming O-320-E2D 150 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Instructional, Part 91 - Operator: Arizona Aero-Tech, doing business as Arizona Aero-Tech - Registered owner: M&C Media, LLC. - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, July 17, 2002, 41 hours before - Departed: TUS, Tucson, AZ - Airport: TUS, Tucson International, runway 11R, 8,408 × 75 ft, asphalt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Flight instructor; age 33; injuries: none; flight instructor, commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review June 29, 2002; seat: right; flight hours: 725 total, 341 in this make and model, 630 as pilot in command, 46 in the last 90 days, 32 in the last 30 days - Student pilot; age 20; injuries: none; student; medical: class 3, with waivers/limitations; seat: left ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: variable at 4 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 97 °F, dew point 54 °F - Altimeter: 29.98 inHg - Observed at: TUS, 1 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20020902024269A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20020902024269A), Sep 2, 2002: Cessna 172I, Tucson, AZ, Substantial damage. (-23) The flight instructor stated, they had just landed on runway 11R and were taxiing to the west ramp via taxiway alpha as directed on the ground frequency.… From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.