# NTSB LAX04LA092: Cessna 140, N77S, Vacaville, CA, January 12, 2004 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: January 11, 2004, 18:30 local (Jan 12, 2004, 02:30 UTC) - Place: Vacaville, CA - Coordinates: 38.376945, -121.962501 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=38.3769&lon=-121.9625&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Serious injuries - Injuries: 2 serious - Status: Completed, report July 7, 2005 - Report: Approved by Office Director - Parties: Federal Aviation Administration - NTSB case key (mKey): 58618 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=LAX04LA092 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/58618/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX04LA092 ## Probable cause the pilot's failure to either obtain a preflight weather report and forecast for the destination or to add additional fuel, which ultimately resulted in fuel exhaustion and collision with trees. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - In flight encounter with weather, cruise - light condition - dark night - weather condition - fog - weather condition - obscuration - preflight planning/preparation - inadequate, pilot in command (cause) - preflight briefing service - not used, pilot in command (cause) - Loss of engine power(total) - nonmechanical, cruise - fluid,fuel - exhaustion (cause) - refueling - not performed, pilot in command (cause) - fuel supply - inadequate, pilot in command (cause) - Forced landing, emergency descent/landing - In flight collision with object, emergency descent/landing - object - tree(s) - terrain condition - berm ## Analysis The airplane experienced a loss of power and collided with a tree during a forced landing. Earlier in the day the pilot had flown from Vacaville to Napa, and the accident flight leg was to return to Vacaville. Prior to departure, the pilot calculated that he had about 1 hour's worth of fuel on board the airplane to complete the short 15-minute trip and leave a 45-minute reserve. As the airplane approached the vicinity of the destination airport in dark night conditions, the pilot obtained the automated weather observation station (AWOS) report and discovered that the weather conditions were deteriorating at the destination airport. When he arrived over the airport he noted that a fog layer had engulfed the airport and surrounding terrain. While maneuvering, the pilot exhausted both fuel tanks and the engine subsequently quit. He established a gliding configuration, and the airplane descended into the fog about 700 feet above ground level (agl). The airplane collided with a small tree and then encountered a berm. A Federal Aviation Administration inspector examined the airplane at the accident site and reported finding the left fuel tank empty; he drained 3 quarts of fuel from the right tank. ## Factual narrative On January 11, 2004, about 1830 Pacific standard time, a Cessna 140, N77S, collided with a tree during a forced landing at Vacaville, California. The pilot/owner was operating the airplane under the provisions of 14 CFR Part 91. The non-instrument rated commercial pilot and one passenger sustained serious injuries; the airplane sustained substantial damage. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and a flight plan had not been filed. The personal 18-mile cross-country flight originated at Napa County Airport, Napa, California, about 1730, with a planned destination of Nut Tree Airport, Vacaville. In a written statement, the pilot reported that earlier in the day he had completed a trip from Vacaville to Napa. Prior to departure, he estimated that his total time en route for the short cross-country trip back would be about 15 minutes. With consideration of fuel on board the airplane, he estimated that he had enough fuel to complete the trip and meet the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) required night-flight 45-minute reserve. After departing, the pilot received the weather information for Nut Tree Airport via the airport's automated weather observation station (AWOS), which revealed deteriorated conditions. As the airplane approached the vicinity of the airport in dark night conditions, the pilot noted that a fog layer had approached from the south, and he could not obtain visual contact with the airport or surrounding terrain. The pilot further stated that he exhausted the right fuel tank and switched to the left. With knowledge of the rough terrain on the flight back to Napa, the pilot opted to declare an emergency on frequency 121.5. He was instructed to contact Travis Approach control, who attempted to give him vectors back to Nut Tree Airport, despite his requests to be vectored to Travis Air Force Base. He exhausted the left fuel tank and the engine subsequently quit. The pilot established a gliding configuration, and the airplane descended into the fog about 700 feet above ground level (agl). The airplane collided with a small tree and then encountered a berm, coming to rest about 50 to 60 feet after the initial impact (around Highway 505 and Vacaville Parkway). The airplane incurred damage to the tail section and right wing. An FAA inspector examined the airplane at the accident site and reported finding the left fuel tank empty; he drained 3 quarts of fuel from the right tank. He stated that the fuel had an odor consistent with that of automobile gasoline. At 1753, the weather observation facility at the Nut Tree Airport reported the wind from 130 degrees at 4 knots; fog; vertical visibility 100 feet; temperature 09 degrees Celsius; dew point 09 degrees Celsius; and the altimeter was 30.00 inHg. At 1853, the facility reported the wind from 110 degrees at 5 knots; fog; vertical visibility 100 feet; temperature 09 degrees Celsius; dew point 09 degrees Celsius; and the altimeter was 30.01 inHg. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N77S](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N77S-2012-08-09), registration cancelled 2012-08-09, S/N 11013, built 1946 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Cessna 140 - Registry model: [Cessna 140](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-140) (registry code 2071602) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Continental C85 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-c85-series) (registry code 17008, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 11013 - Airframe hours: 3331 - Engines: Continental C-85-12 85 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Registered owner: Ted D. Weddell - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, June 14, 2003, 43 hours before - Departed: KAPC, Napa, CA - Destination: KVCB, Vacaville, CA ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 68; injuries: serious; commercial; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 3, valid medical--w/ waivers/lim; last flight review October 7, 2002; seat: left; flight hours: 831 total, 90 in this make and model, 750 as pilot in command, 20 in the last 90 days, 6 in the last 30 days, 3 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Night/dark - Wind: 110° at 5 knots - Visibility: 0.25 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 100 ft indefinitevv - Temperature: 48 °F, dew point 48 °F - Altimeter: 30.00 inHg - Observed at: VCB, 2 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20040111011869A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20040111011869A), Jan 11, 2004: Cessna 140, Vacaville, CA, Substantial damage. (-23) The weather (fog) moved in and covered the airport before the pilot was able to land. The pilot took off from napa airport (apb) he did not check the… ## Other investigations on N77S (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB OAK66F0012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/OAK66F0012), May 25, 1965: Cessna 140 (N77S), Montague, CA, substantial damage From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.