# NTSB LAX06CA001: Robinson Helicopter R22 Beta, N926SH, Tucson, AZ, October 3, 2005 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report - Date: October 3, 2005, 07:45 local (14:45 UTC) - Place: Tucson, AZ - Coordinates: 32.409442, -111.21833 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=32.4094&lon=-111.2183&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Emergency descent](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/600) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 2 minor - Status: Completed, report February 28, 2006 - Report: Approved by Office Director - Parties: Federal Aviation Administration - NTSB case key (mKey): 62591 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=LAX06CA001 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/62591/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06CA001 ## Probable cause the student pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed and rotor rpm during a practice autorotation, and the instructor's failure to adequately monitor the maneuver, which resulted in a hard landing and roll over. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Hard landing, emergency descent/landing - autorotation - initiated, pilot in command - procedures/directives - not followed, pilot in command(cfi) - airspeed - not maintained, pilot in command (cause) - rotor rpm - not maintained, pilot in command (cause) - supervision - inadequate, pilot in command(cfi) (cause) - Roll over, emergency landing - terrain condition - soft ## Analysis The helicopter touched down hard and rolled over following a practice 180-degree autorotation. The instructor pilot reported that he was having his student practice a number of autorotations for an upcoming check ride. During the last autorotation, the student rolled out of the turn; the helicopter slowed to 60 knots, and the low rotor rpm warning horn sounded and the caution light illuminated. The instructor called for a go-around about 80 feet above the ground, but the rotor rpm did not increase. He took control of the helicopter from the student and applied collective and forward cyclic to touchdown in a level pitch attitude. The helicopter impacted the ground and began sliding to the side. The right skid dug into the soft ground and the helicopter rolled over three times before coming to rest on its left side. The instructor and student reported no anomalies with the 218-hour helicopter prior to the event. The flight school that employed the instructor had a policy, which dictated that instructors were to perform practice autorotations at a controlled airport equipped with emergency response equipment; however, if they did not, they were supposed to recover from autorotations 500 feet above the ground. ## Factual narrative On October 3, 2005, at 0745 mountain standard time, a Robinson Helicopter Company R22 Beta, N926SH, made a hard landing and rolled over during a practice autorotation near Tucson, Arizona. The certified flight instructor and the private pilot receiving instruction sustained minor injuries, and the helicopter was substantially damaged. The helicopter was registered to, and operated by, Silver State Helicopters out of their Tucson Flight Academy, as an instructional flight under the provisions of 14 CFR Part 91. The local area training flight originated from Tucson around 0700, and no flight plan had been filed. According to the instructor pilot, he directed the student to the training area where they were going to practice simulated engine failures and 180-degree autorotations. The student attempted a number of 180-degree autorotations, but did not meet the instructor's standards. The instructor demonstrated one and then gave the student the controls again following the recovery. The student performed another 180-degree autorotation, but let his rotor rpm drop slightly in the turn. The instructor requested that the student practice another. During the last demonstration, the airspeed dropped to about 55 knots; the low rotor rpm horn sounded, and the low rotor rpm light illuminated. The rotor rpm was around 95 percent on rollout. The instructor took the controls and announced this to his student, who in turn relinquished control of the helicopter. The instructor rolled on the throttle and initiated a go-around. However, because their vertical speed was high and rotor rpm was low, he was unable to recover adequate rotor rpm prior to making ground contact. The instructor attempted to cushion the landing with the remaining rotor rpm with up collective input and forward cyclic input. The helicopter impacted desert terrain in a level pitch attitude, but began to slide to one side. The right front skid hung up in the soft dirt, and the helicopter rolled over approximately three times before coming to rest on its left side. The student reported doing three successful 180-degree autorotations and was working on the fourth when upon rollout, the airspeed dropped to 60 knots and the rotor rpm decreased to 97 percent at 80 feet above ground level (agl). The instructor called for a go-around, but the rotor rpm did not respond and the instructor took over control of the helicopter. The instructor then pulled up on the collective and pushed forward on the cyclic in an attempt to land the helicopter in a level pitch attitude. The remaining statement was similar to that written by the instructor. The helicopter's main rotor system, tail boom, and fuselage were substantially damaged. Neither pilot reported any mechanical problems with the 218-hour helicopter prior to the accident. According to the chief pilot for the Tucson Flight Academy, Silver State Helicopters has a policy in place that dictates that instructors are only allowed to practice the autorotation entrance and glide so that they recover at least 500 feet agl when they are not at a controlled airport with emergency equipment. When asked why the instructor did not follow this procedure, the instructor indicated that there was too much traffic at the Tucson Airport and he needed to prepare his student for his upcoming check ride. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N926SH](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N926SH-2006-07-26), registration cancelled 2006-07-26, S/N 3879, built 2005 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Robinson Helicopter Company R22 Beta - Registry model: [Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA](https://openairdocs.org/model/robinson-helicopter-r22-beta) (registry code 7640110) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming O-360 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-o-360-series) (registry code 41575, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Helicopter - Serial number: 3879 - Airframe hours: 218 - Engines: Lycoming O-360-J2A 131 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Instructional, Part 91 - Registered owner: Silver State Helicopters - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, September 1, 2005, 18 hours before - Departed: TUS, Tucson, AZ - Flight plan: Company VFR - Airport: TUS, Tucson International ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Flight instructor; age 24; injuries: minor; commercial, flight instructor; instrument ratings: helicopter; medical: class 1; seat: left; toxicology performed; flight hours: 665 total, 656 in this make and model, 236 in the last 90 days, 103 in the last 30 days - Student pilot; age 29; injuries: minor; private; medical: class 3; seat: right; flight hours: 187 total, 142 in this make and model, 20 in the last 90 days, 9 in the last 30 days, 1 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 100° at 9 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 72 °F, dew point 45 °F - Altimeter: 29.94 inHg ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20051003031839A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20051003031839A), Oct 3, 2005: Robsin R22BETA, Tucson, AZ, Destroyed. (-23) On October 3, 2005, at approximately 0740 MST, N926SH, a Robinson R-22 helicopter, crashed while performing maneuvers during a CFR part 61 instructional… From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.