# NTSB LAX94LA363: Beech C35, N622D, Borrego Springs, CA, September 12, 1994 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: September 12, 1994, 08:45 local (15:45 UTC) - Place: Borrego Springs, CA - Coordinates: 33.170619, -116.27069 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=33.1706&lon=-116.2707&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Serious injuries - Injuries: 1 serious - Status: Completed, report May 18, 1995 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 28859 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=LAX94LA363 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/28859/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA363 ## Probable cause The pilot's inadvertent allowance of a fuel starvation loss of power event and his failure to select a tank containing fuel due to his lack of knowledge about the fuel pump/selector unit operating limitations. Factors in the accident were his limited experience in the aircraft. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of engine power(total) - nonmechanical, cruise - normal - fluid,fuel - starvation (cause) - fuel supply - not selected, pilot in command (cause) - lack of familiarity with aircraft, pilot in command (contributing factor) - fuel tank selector position - improper use of, pilot in command (cause) - Forced landing, descent - emergency - In flight collision with terrain/water, landing - flare/touchdown - terrain condition - rough/uneven ## Analysis IN CRUISE OVER THE MOUNTAINS, THE FUEL PRESSURE DECREASED AND THE ENGINE QUIT. ATTEMPTS TO RESTORE POWER BY ACTIVATING THE HAND OPERATED PUMP ON THE FUEL SELECTOR AND SWITCHING BETWEEN TANKS WERE FUTILE. THE PILOT SPOTTED THE DESERT FLOOR AIRPORT JUST BEYOND THE MOUNTAINS AND ATTEMPTED A FORCED LANDING ON RUNWAY 25; HOWEVER, HE LANDED 100 YARDS SHORT IN ROUGH DESERT TERRAIN. FAA INSPECTORS FOUND THE FUEL SELECTOR VALVE ON THE RIGHT TANK AND THE SELECTOR HANDLE EXTENDED INTO THE PUMP OPERATING POSITION. NO FUEL WAS FOUND IN THE RIGHT TANK, WITH NO EVIDENCE OF SPILLAGE NOTED ON THE SURROUNDING GROUND. THE LEFT FUEL TANK CONTAINED ABOUT 1/4 TO 1/2 CAPACITY. THE ENGINE-DRIVEN FUEL PUMP AND THE COMBINED FUEL SELECTOR VALVE AND HAND FUEL PUMP WERE FOUND TO FUNCTION. THE COMBINATION FUEL SELECTOR AND HAND OPERATED FUEL PUMP UNIT HAS TWO SEPARATE MODES. WITH THE HANDLE IN THE DOWN POSITION, THE UNIT IS A FUEL SELECTOR VALVE. WHEN THE HANDLE IS EXTENDED INTO THE PUMP POSITION, THE FUEL SELECTOR VALVE MODE IS DISABLED. THE PILOT PURCHASED THE AIRCRAFT ABOUT 3 WEEKS PRIOR TO THE ACCIDENT AND HAS ONLY 6 HOURS IN THE AIRCRAFT. ## Factual narrative On September 12, 1994, at 0845 Pacific daylight time, a Beech C35, N622D, collided with rough terrain short of the runway at Borrego Springs, California, while attempting a forced landing. The forced landing was precipitated by a loss of engine power in cruise. The aircraft was owned and operated by the pilot and was on a personal cross-country flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time and no flight plan was filed. The aircraft was destroyed in the ground collision sequence. The certificated private pilot sustained serious injuries. The flight originated at Carlsbad, California, on the morning of the accident at 0715 as a flight to Blythe, California. In his oral and written statements, the pilot reported that he was in cruise flight over the coastal mountains when the fuel pressure decreased and the engine quit. He attempted to restore the fuel pressure by activating the hand operated pump associated with the fuel selector and switching between the other fuel tanks; however, engine power could not be restored. The pilot spotted the Borrego Springs airport on the desert floor just beyond the mountains and attempted a forced landing on runway 25. The aircraft landed 100 yards short of the runway in rough, desert terrain. Investigation revealed that the aircraft flew from Blythe to San Diego on September 7, where it was parked at Jimsair on Lindberg Field until September 11. Fueling records at the fixed-base operator (FBO) established that the pilot purchased 17 gallons of fuel. On September 11, the pilot flew from San Diego to Carlsbad, where the aircraft was parked overnight. No fuel was purchased at Carlsbad. The pilot departed at 0715 on the morning of the accident to return to Blythe. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspectors from the San Diego, California, Flight Standards District Office responded to the accident site and examined the aircraft. They reported that the fuel selector valve was positioned to the right fuel tank and the selector valve handle was extended into the hand pump operating position. No fuel was found in the right fuel tank, with no evidence of spillage noted on the surrounding ground. The left fuel tank contained about 1/4 to 1/2 capacity. No mechanical irregularities were reported by the examining FAA inspectors. After recovery from the accident site, the aircraft fuel system components were examined in more detail. The engine-driven fuel pump was spun by an electric drill and found to function. The combination fuel selector valve unit and hand operated fuel pump was found to function in each mode. The combination fuel selector valve and hand operated fuel pump unit has two separate modes. With the handle in the down-and- locked position, the unit functions as a fuel selector valve. When the handle is unlocked and extended into the hand operated pump position, the fuel selector valve mode is disabled. The pilot purchased the aircraft about 3 weeks prior to the accident and has only 6 hours of experience in the aircraft. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N622D](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N622D-1998-11-10), registration cancelled 1998-11-10, S/N D2882 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: BEECH C35 - Registry model: [Beech C35](https://openairdocs.org/model/beech-c35) (registry code 1151508) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: D2882 - Airframe hours: 4700 - Engines: CONTINENTAL E-185 215 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Daniel N. Sinclair - Registered owner: The Sinclair/Bayfield Company - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, August 24, 1994, 6 hours before - Departed: CRQ, CARLSBAD, CA - Destination: BLH, BLYTHE, CA - Airport: L08, Borrego Springs, runway 25, 5,000 × 75 ft, asphalt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 50; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, valid medical--w/ waivers/lim; seat: left; flight hours: 1,666 total, 6 in this make and model, 1,590 as pilot in command, 21 in the last 90 days, 6 in the last 30 days, 1 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: calm - Visibility: 25 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 79 °F, dew point 39 °F - Altimeter: 29.00 inHg - Observed at: TRM, 22 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19940912026529A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19940912026529A), Sep 12, 1994: Beech C35BEECH, Borrego Springs, CA, Destroyed. Lost fuel pressure and power over mountains. Landed short nearby. L08.fuel selector on empty tank in fuel pump mode From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.