# NTSB MIA08LA180: Cessna 182A, N5927B, Elizabethtown, KY, August 30, 2008 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: August 30, 2008, 17:50 local (22:50 UTC) - Place: Elizabethtown, KY - Coordinates: 37.679721, -85.940277 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=37.6797&lon=-85.9403&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 1 uninjured - Status: Completed, report February 25, 2009 - Report: Approved by Office Director - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 68853 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=MIA08LA180 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/68853/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA08LA180 ## Probable cause A loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. Contributing to the accident was pressure from the company for the pilot to fly the second load of skydivers without refueling. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Planning/preparation: fuel planning](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 8 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 719 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md) - [Policy/procedure: adequacy of policy/proc](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/04021015): Organizational issues › Management · Operator (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/04021015/cases.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 106 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/04021015/cases.md) - [Pressures/demands](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03042000): Environmental issues › Task environment · Effect on personnel (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03042000/cases.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 7 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03042000/cases.md) - [Fuel system](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01022800): Aircraft › Aircraft systems · Related operating info; cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01022800/cases.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 181 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01022800/cases.md) - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid level; cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 13 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Maneuvering: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 9 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 804 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md) - [Emergency descent: Off-field or emergency landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440); cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 15 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 3,365 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md) - [Landing-flare/touchdown: Collision during takeoff/land](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490); cases with it: [Cessna 182A, 4 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490/sequence.md?model=2072704), [All aircraft, 1,309 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490/sequence.md) ## Analysis The airplane was fueled before the pilot's first flight that day. A total of 6.0 gallons of fuel were added to each fuel tank. After fueling, the pilot dipped each fuel tank using the provided dipstick, and determined that each tank contained between 7.0 and 7.5 gallons of usable fuel. He then flew one load of skydivers, returned, and attempted to secure the engine for fueling but was pressured by company personnel that he had enough fuel to make the second flight and that he needed to keep the airplane operating. He reluctantly kept the engine running and did not refuel the airplane, contrary to his typical procedure. The next load of skydivers were boarded, and the flight departed. The flight climbed to 11,000 feet where they were offloaded. He maneuvered away from the airport due to clouds, and when clear of them, proceeded to return. While flying at 2,000 feet close to the traffic pattern, the engine lost power due to fuel exhaustion. Attempts to restart were unsuccessful. The pilot performed a forced landing in a corn field substantially damaging the airplane. Postaccident, a total of between 8.5 and 9.0 gallons of fuel were drained from the airplane. The total unusable fuel amount for all flight conditions is 10.0 gallons. A replacement propeller was installed and the engine was started and found to operate normally. The owner's manual used by the operator was incorrect, though the pilot knew the correct unusable amount. ## Factual narrative On August 30, 2008, about 1750 central daylight time, a Cessna 182A, N5927B, recently purchased and operated by Skydive Kentucky, LLC, experienced a loss of engine power while on approach to land at Addington Field Airport (EKX), Elizabethtown, Kentucky. The airplane touched down short of the runway and was substantially damaged. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time and no flight plan was filed for the 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 local skydive flight. The commercial-certificated pilot, the sole occupant, was not injured. The flight originated about 1726, from EKX. The pilot stated that prior to his first skydive flight that day in the accident airplane, a total of 6.0 gallons of fuel were added to each fuel tank. He dipped each fuel tank after fueling using the provided dipstick, and determined each contained between 7.0 and 7.5 gallons usable fuel. The first skydive flight was uneventful and after landing, he began to secure the engine for fueling but was motioned by company personnel to keep the engine running, which he did. He also was verbally told he had enough fuel to take the second load of skydivers. The airplane remained on the ground 1 to 2 minutes with the engine running while the second load of skydivers boarded the airplane. He departed on his second flight and climbed to 11,000 feet, remaining at that altitude for 1 to 2 minutes for offloading. After offloading the skydivers, clouds precluded a descent in the immediate area. He maneuvered to an area clear of clouds, began descending, and proceeded towards EKX when the flight was below the clouds. When the flight was close to the traffic pattern, he descended to 2,000 feet. While flying at 2,000 feet, the engine quit. He simultaneously turned towards the runway entering base leg, and initiated emergency procedures using the checklist to restore engine power; the result was unsuccessful. After recognizing that he would be unable to land on the runway, he lowered the flaps 10 degrees and performed a forced landing in a corn field. The pilot also advised the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector and National Transportation Safety Board investigator-in-charge that he felt pressure by the company to operate the airplane on two flights after adding 12 gallons of fuel. According to the airplane operator, postaccident, a total of between 8.5 and 9.0 gallons of fuel were drained from the airplane. Following recovery of the airplane, a replacement propeller was installed and the engine was started and found to operate normally. FAA personnel reported the airplane operator was using an Owner's Manual for a 1956 Cessna 182 to operate the accident airplane, which is a 1957 Cessna 182A. The Owner's Manual used by the operator incorrectly indicated the total capacity of fuel in each fuel tank, the unusable fuel amount in each tank for straight and level flight, and the unusable fuel amount in each tank for all flight conditions. The correct Owner'sManual for the accident airplane indicates the unusable fuel amount in each tank for all flight conditions is 5.0 gallons, or 10 gallons total. The pilot stated that he was aware of the 10.0 gallons unusable fuel amount. Testing to determine the accuracy of the fuel dipstick and calibration chart used by the pilot was performed with FAA oversight on the accident airplane placed in a normal ramp attitude. The testing revealed that with 2.0 gallons of fuel in each tank, the measured level in each tank was below the minimum level specified on the calibration card, i.e. there was no usable fuel. With 3.0 gallons fuel in each tank, the measured level in the left and right tanks correlated to the calibration card indicated 1/2 gallon usable and below the minimum specified level, respectively. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N5927B](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N5927B), registered now, S/N 33927 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 182A - Registry model: [Cessna 182A](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-182a) (registry code 2072704) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Continental O-470 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-o-470-series) (registry code 17026, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 33927 - Airframe hours: 6006.8 - Engines: CONT MOTOR O-470 SERIES 230 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Skydiving, Part 91 - Operator: Skydive Kentucky, LLC - Registered owner: Jerrys Skydiving Circus Inc - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Utility - Last inspection: 100 hour, September 27, 2007 - Departed: EKX, Elizabethtown, KY - Destination: EKX, Elizabethtown, KY - Airport: EKX, Addington Field Airport ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 64; injuries: none; commercial; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; seat: left; flight hours: 882 total, 50 in this make and model ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 50° at 7 knots - Visibility: 6 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 88 °F, dew point 66 °F - Altimeter: 30.04 inHg - Observed at: FTK, 13 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20080830849429A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20080830849429A), Aug 30, 2008: Cessna 182A, Elizabethtown, KY, Substantial damage. (-23) On August 30, 2008, at 1857 EDT, a Cessna 182A received substantial damage resulting from the engine quitting and landing short of runway 5 at ekx,… From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.