# NTSB MIA94LA084: Piper PA-28-161, N9134A, Sanford, FL, March 5, 1994 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: March 5, 1994, 14:57 local (19:57 UTC) - Place: Sanford, FL - Coordinates: 28.810188, -81.330917 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=28.8102&lon=-81.3309&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Initial climb](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 2 minor - Status: Completed, report December 7, 1994 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 37503 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=MIA94LA084 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/37503/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA084 ## Probable cause THE FAILURE OF THE PILOT TO MAINTAIN AIRSPEED DURING THE FORCED LANDING RESULTING IN AN INADVERTENT STALL/MUSH. THE TOTAL LOSS OF ENGINE POWER CAUSED BY FUEL STARVATION DUE TO INATTENTIVENESS BY THE PILOT-IN-COMMAND (CFI) TO THE FUEL SUPPLY WAS ALSO A CAUSE. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of engine power(total) - nonmechanical, takeoff - initial climb - fluid,fuel - starvation (cause) - fuel tank selector position - improper, pilot in command(cfi) (cause) - Forced landing, descent - emergency - Loss of control - in flight, maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency) - airspeed - not maintained, pilot in command(cfi) (cause) - stall/mush - inadvertent, pilot in command(cfi) - altitude - inadequate - In flight collision with terrain/water, descent - uncontrolled - terrain condition - ground ## Analysis DURING THE UPWIND LEG AFTER THE FOURTH OR FIFTH TOUCH-AND-GO LANDING, THE ENGINE EXPERIENCED A TOTAL LOSS OF ENGINE POWER DUE TO FUEL STARVATION. THE CFI TOOK THE CONTROLS AND LANDED THE AIRPLANE ON THE RUNWAY BUT THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT RUNWAY REMAINING TO STOP. DURING THE LANDING ROLL THE ENGINE POWER WAS RESTORED AND THE CFI ELECTED TO TAKE OFF TO RETURN FOR LANDING. DURING THE UPWIND LEG, THE ENGINE AGAIN EXPERIENCED A TOTAL LOSS OF ENGINE POWER DUE TO FUEL STARVATION. DURING THE LEFT TURN TO RETURN TO THE AIRPORT, THE AIRPLANE STALLED AND IMPACTED THE GROUND NOSE AND LEFT WING LOW. THE FUEL SELECTOR WAS POSITIONED TO THE LEFT TANK FOR THE DURATION OF THE FLIGHT AND THE LEFT FUEL TANK WAS EMPTY. THE RIGHT FUEL TANK CONTAINED 15.4 GALLONS OF FUEL. ## Factual narrative On March 5, 1994, about 1457 eastern standard time, a Piper PA-28-161, N9134A, registered to Air Orlando Sales, Inc. crashed shortly after takeoff while practicing touch-and-go landings at the Sanford Regional Airport, Sanford, Florida, while on a 14 CFR Part 91 instructional flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time and no flight plan was filed. The airplane was substantially damaged and the certified flight instructor (CFI) and student pilot received minor injuries. The flight originated about 1 hour 24 minutes earlier from Orlando Executive Airport, Orlando, Florida. The flight departed about 1333 and performed maneuvers then flew to the Sanford Regional Airport where the student was to perform touch-and-go landings. After the fourth or fifth touch- and-go landing during the upwind leg with the student flying the airplane, the engine experienced a loss of power. The CFI took control of the airplane and landed on the runway but stated that he was unable to stop on the runway. The engine power was restored after he cycled the auxiliary fuel pump. He elected to take off but the engine lost power again. During the turn to return for landing, the airplane stalled and impacted the ground nose and left wing low. The student pilot stated that the fuel selector was not moved at any time during the flight. An FAA inspector arrived at the accident site about 3.5 hours after the accident and examined the airplane. The inspector stated that the left wing was damaged and the fuel line was broken near the wing root area but there was no fuel leakage. The fuel selector was in the "off" position but before being moved it was in the "left" position. He also examined the left wing fuel tank and there was no evidence of fuel inside the tank. The right wing fuel tank was drained and found to contain about 15.4 gallons of fuel. Power was applied directly to the auxiliary fuel pump terminals and the pump was found to operate. The engine-driven fuel pump was removed from the airplane for bench testing and found to operate normally. According to the owner of the airplane, the airplane had been operated according to the Hobbs meter for 5.1 hours since the fuel tanks were filled. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N9134A](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N9134A-1996-04-17), registration cancelled 1996-04-17, S/N 288616009 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: PIPER PA-28-161 - Registry model: [Piper PA-28-161](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-28-161) (registry code 7102803) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 28-8616009 - Airframe hours: 4060 - Engines: LYCOMING O-320-D3G 160 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Instructional, Part 91 - Registered owner: Air Orlando Sales, Inc. - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Utility; Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, December 22, 1993, 73 hours before - Airport: SFB, Central Florida Regional, runway 27R, 8,001 × 150 ft, asphalt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 33; commercial, flight instructor; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, valid medical--no waivers/lim.; seat: right; flight hours: 436 total, 13 in this make and model, 378 as pilot in command, 172 in the last 90 days, 70 in the last 30 days, 3 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 270° at 10 knots, gusting 15 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 77 °F, dew point 46 °F - Altimeter: 29.00 inHg - Observed at: SFB, 1 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19940305003819A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19940305003819A), Mar 5, 1994: Piper PA28161, Sanford, FL, Substantial damage. Power loss on touch and go restored by aux pump. Took off. Quit again. Stalled. Crashed. Fuel selector empty tank. From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.