# NTSB NYC95FA195: Cessna 310R, N2640L, Altoona, PA, August 16, 1995 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: August 16, 1995, 01:48 local (05:48 UTC) - Place: Altoona, PA - Coordinates: 40.309455, -78.319511 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=40.3095&lon=-78.3195&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 2 fatal - Status: Completed, report April 3, 1997 - Report: Approved by Office Director - ADs cited in the narratives: [AD 69-12-03](https://openairdocs.org/ad/69-12-03), [AD 75-23-08 R5](https://openairdocs.org/ad/75-23-08-R5) (OpenAirDocs) - NTSB case key (mKey): 38861 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=NYC95FA195 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/38861/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC95FA195 ## Probable cause propagation of corrosion cracks in the right engine overboard exhaust stack and fatigue failure of the exhaust stack, which resulted in escape of hot/high velocity gases, in-flight fire, emergency descent, and subsequent collision with trees during an approach for a forced landing. Darkness and mountainous/hilly terrain were related factors. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Airframe/component/system failure/malfunction, cruise - normal - exhaust system,stack - corroded (cause) - exhaust system,stack - fatigue (cause) - exhaust system,stack - failure (cause) - flight to new destination - initiated - Fire, cruise - engine compartment - fire (cause) - fuel system,line - burst - Forced landing, descent - emergency - In flight collision with object, approach - light condition - dark night (contributing factor) - weather condition - fog - terrain condition - mountainous/hilly (contributing factor) - object - tree(s) ## Analysis While flying at night, about 10,000 feet msl, the flight reported an engine problem, declared an emergency, and requested vectors to the nearest airport for landing. When queried, the pilot stated, '...we got a fire in the right engine.' While diverting, the pilot was unable to maintain altitude (level flight) until the airplane descended to about 1700 feet. The tops of ridges in the area were about 2500 to 2800 feet. Subsequently, about 15 miles from the alternate airport, the airplane hit trees during darkness at an elevation of about 1720 feet and crashed. Examination of the right engine revealed that the last 8 to 12 inches of the right overboard tube had separated circumferentially from the exhaust system. A metallurgical examination of the exhaust stack revealed evidence of fatigue; there were numerous hot gas corrosion cracks that had originated at the interior surface and had propagated through the wall thickness of the stack. There was evidence that a breach of the right exhaust stack allowed hot, high velocity gases to escape and initiate a fire. The Altoon weather was in part: 8,000' scattered, 3 miles visibility with fog and haze. ## Factual narrative HISTORY OF FLIGHT On August 16, 1995, about 0148 eastern daylight time, a Cessna 310R, N2640L, registered to Bastille Corporation, was destroyed during a forced landing, near Altoona, Pennsylvania. The airline transport pilot and the commercial pilot were fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed. An IFR flight plan had been filed for the flight, which departed Carlisle, Pennsylvania, about 0130. The on demand air taxi flight was being conducted in accordance with Title 14 CFR Part 135. While in cruise flight, en route to Detroit, Michigan, the pilot was in contact with the Cleveland Air Route Control Center, Morgantown Radar Position (MGW-R). The pilot informed the controller at Cleveland that he had an engine problem, declared an emergency and requested a landing at the nearest airport. At 0139:12, the pilot of N2640L (N40L), made initial contact with the MGW-R controller, and reported that he was at an altitude of 10,000 feet mean sea level (msl). The controller acknowledged the transmission, and issued the altimeter setting. The pilot told the MGW-R controller, at 0141:14, that he had to look "at one engine" and was requesting a "lower altitude in a slow descent...back to six thousand...." The controller approved the pilot's request. At 0145:44, the pilot of N40L radioed, "...center two six four zero lima declaring emergency vectors to nearest airport." The controller replied by telling the pilot to "fly heading of 230, [this will] be vectors to Altoona...maintain [altitude] four thousand six hundred." The controller continued to vector the pilot to Altoona; however due to the high terrain, and the low altitude of the airplane, radar contact with the airplane was lost at an altitude of 2400 feet mean sea level (MSL). The controller had to repeat the clearance several more times before the pilot acknowledged. At 0146:57, the controller asked the pilot if he could turn "left" to heading of 200 degrees, and advised him that he was about 15 miles from the Altoona Airport. Fifteen seconds later the controller asked, "...can you maintain altitude," and the pilot answered "that's negative." The controller asked the pilot to "say your altitude" and the pilot replied, at 0148:00, "...we're at uh one point seven [1700] we're maintaining altitude now." The pilot repeated "we need vectors to the nearest airport...." The controller answered that the heading was 210 degrees and that the airport, "...should be twelve o'clock and about twelve miles." The pilot asked the controller "how do you get the lights on there." The controller answered, that they were going through the Flight Service Station (FSS), and "they're going to take care of that for you." The controller asked the pilot the nature of the emergency, and the pilot answered at 0148:53, "...we got a fire in the right engine." There was no further communications with the airplane. At 0152:18, the MGW-D controller, contacted the FSS specialist at Altoona, and said, "we lost him on radar we're not talking to him, we have no idea what happened to him...." The controller further stated that the airplane's last position was about 12 miles north of the airport, and asked that the State Police be notified, and a search started. A search was made by ground and an air, and at approximately 2000 on August 16, 1995, the airplane was found, in a hilly, wooded area. The accident occurred during the hours of darkness approximately 40 degrees, 30 minutes north, and 78 degrees, 20 minutes west. PERSONNEL INFORMATION Information on the pilots is contained in page 3 and Supplement "E" of this report, under First and Second Pilot Information. AIRCRAFT INFORMATION At the time of the accident the maintenance records showed that an annual inspection was completed on July 15, 1995. There was 70 hour of flight time since the annual inspection, and a total airframe time of about 3202. A check of the maintenance records that were supplied by the owner, indicated that Airworthiness Directive (AD) 69-12-03, that requires the installation of a bracket to assure clearance is maintained between the fuel line and other aircraft structure, was not written up as being complied with, at the time of the accident. AD 75-23-08, reference to Cessna turbo-charger exhaust systems, was last complied with on August 4, 1995, at tachometer time 3182.3, 20 hours before the accident (see copy of airframe logbook attached to this report). METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION The nearest recorded weather station to the accident site was Altoona (AOO), about 12 nautical miles southwest. The AOO weather observation at 0150 was; measured ceiling 8000 scattered, visibility 3 miles, fog and haze, temperature 73, dew point 71, winds calm, altimeter 30.02 inches Hg. MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION Autopsies was performed on both pilots, on August 16, 1995, at the Mercy Hospital, in Altoona, Pennsylvania, by Dr. Harold Cottle. Toxicological tests on both pilots were conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, and revealed, "no drugs or alcohol." WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The airplane impacted in a wooded area approximately 10 miles north of the Altoona Airport, at an elevation of 1720 feet MSL. The tops of the ridges in the area of the accident site were 2500 to 2800 feet. The first impact mark was observed near the top of a tree about 75 to 80 feet above the ground, and in the same vicinity, a section of the right wing was lodged in a tree. The wreckage path extended in a westerly direction for about 345 feet. The airplane was destroyed by impact and fire damage, which rendered all the instruments, and switches unreadable. Impact and fire damage, also prevented the confirmation of flight control continuity. The landing gear actuator was found in the up position, however the right main gear had fallen. The wing flaps were destroyed. The rudder tab was found 15 degrees tab right, the elevator tab was found 11 degrees tab up, and the aileron tab was in the neutral position. Examination of the wreckage revealed that a fuel line, part number 5200106-8, was breached at wing station 85, on the right wing. This location was near the outboard corner of the right engine nacelle, forward of the leading edge wing spar. At the location of the breach, the line was a crossfeed line. There was evidence of fire damage observed near and below the breached area. The fire consumed paint at this location, but not the skin of the airplane. The fuel line was removed from the airplane and shipped to the NTSB Materials Laboratory, Washington, DC, for additional examination. Examination of the engines, at the crash site, revealed that the left engine was separated from the nacelle, and was located about 120 feet southwest of the main wreckage. The engine's nacelle was located with the main wreckage in an area that showed intense ground fire damage. The case mounted alternator, at the right front of the engine was separated from it's mounts. Impact damage was observed on the right hand bank of cylinders, No.1, No.3 and No.5. The propeller had separated from the flange. The propeller governor was about 90% full forward travel. The right engine had also separated from the nacelle, and was found approximately 20 feet northwest of the main wreckage. The alternator had detached from it's mounts. The left hand bank of cylinders No.2, No.4, and No.6 displayed impact damage. The propeller had separated from the flange. TEST AND RESEARCH The engines and propellers were removed from the crash site, and taken to the Altoona Airport for examination. Disassembly and examination of the left engine, fuel manifold, revealed fuel in the unit, and no discrepancies were noted. The engine was hoisted and rotated by hand. Compression was noted on all 6 cylinders, and both magnetos produced a spar ## Aircraft - Registration: [N2640L](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N2640L-1997-03-18), registration cancelled 1997-03-18, S/N 310R1677 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Cessna 310R - Registry model: [Cessna T310R](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-t310r) (registry code 2074246) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 310R1677 - Airframe hours: 3202 - Engines: Continental TSIO-520-BB 300 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Fire: In-Flight - Flight: Part 135 - Operator: Voyager Aviation Croup - Registered owner: Bastille Corporation - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, July 15, 1995, 70 hours before - Departed: N95, CARLISLE, PA - Destination: DET, DETROIT, MI - Flight plan: IFR - Airport: AOO, Altoona ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 31; airline transport; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, valid medical--no waivers/lim.; seat: left; toxicology performed; flight hours: 4,400 total, 250 in this make and model, 3,900 as pilot in command, 145 in the last 90 days, 69 in the last 30 days, 2 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night/dark - Wind: calm - Visibility: 3 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 73 °F, dew point 72 °F - Altimeter: 30.00 inHg - Observed at: AOO, 12 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19950816024139A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19950816024139A), Aug 16, 1995: Cessna T310R, Altoona, PA, Destroyed, 2 fatal. Previously missing, located, developed problem, began to descend, ATC lost contact. (.4)while flying at night, about 10,000 feet MSL, the flight reported an… From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.