# NTSB NYC95LA138: North American F-51D, N51KF, Malone, NY, July 2, 1995 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: July 2, 1995, 14:45 local (18:45 UTC) - Place: Malone, NY - Coordinates: 44.839603, -74.290443 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=44.8396&lon=-74.2904&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 1 fatal - Status: Completed, report March 21, 1996 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 38982 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=NYC95LA138 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/38982/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC95LA138 ## Probable cause the pilot's improper use of the flight controls, which resulted in an accelerated stall, an in-flight loss of control, and an uncontrolled descent to the ground. A factor relating to the accident was: the pilot's decision to fly the airplane in an airshow environment without completing an entire checkout program. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of control - in flight, maneuvering - flight controls - improper use of, pilot in command (cause) - stall - inadvertent, pilot in command (cause) - aircraft control - not maintained, pilot in command (cause) - inadequate transition/upgrade training, pilot in command (contributing factor) - In flight collision with terrain/water, descent - uncontrolled ## Analysis THE F-51 WAS THE LEAD AIRPLANE OF A FLIGHT OF TWO AT AN AIRSHOW. AFTER COMPLETING A PASS OVER THE RUNWAY, THE TWO AIRPLANES SEPARATED, AND THE ACCIDENT AIRPLANE ENTERED A 90 DEGREE TURN TO THE RIGHT. AT THE COMPLETION OF THE TURN, THE NOSE DROPPED, AND THE AIRPLANE DESCENDED WHILE IN A RIGHT ROTATION, AND IMPACTED THE GROUND. A VIDEO TAPE OF THE ACCIDENT WAS REVIEWED BY PERSONNEL OF THE COMPANY, WHO TRAINED THE PILOT IN THE F-51. THEY REPORTED THAT THE ACTIONS OF THE AIRPLANE WERE CONSISTENT WITH AN ACCELERATED STALL AND LACK OF RECOVERY BEFORE GROUND IMPACT. ADDITIONALLY, THEY REPORTED THAT THE PILOT HAD NOT COMPLETED A CHECKOUT IN THE F-51, THOUGH HE HAD AN ESTIMATED 150 HOURS IN THE AIRPLANE. THE AIRPLANE HELD ABOUT TWICE THE NORMAL AMOUNT OF FUEL. IT HAD BEEN FUELED TO CAPACITY BEFORE DEPARTURE, WHICH RESULTED IN A HIGHER THAN NORMAL GROSS WEIGHT. ## Factual narrative On July 2, 1995, at 1445 eastern daylight time, a North American F-51D, N51KF, struck the ground in Malone, New York. The airplane was destroyed, and the airline transport pilot was fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan had been filed for the local flight, which operated under 14 CFR Part 91, and had departed the Malone Airport, about 10 minutes earlier. The airplane was part of an airshow at the Malone Airport. The accident pilot was the lead airplane of two F-51s. After the 2nd pass, the airplane was observed to perform a right turn of 90 degrees. This was to be followed by a left turn of 270 degrees, to reverse course for another flyby; however, as the bank increased to near 90 degrees, the nose dropped, and the airplane disappeared from view while rotating to the right. The wingman reported that he did not notice anything unusual with the accident pilot prior to departure, or during the flight prior to the accident. An FAA Operations Inspector reported that he rode in the airplane with the pilot, on the morning July 2, 1995, and did not observe any problems with the airplane or pilot. Additionally, he heard the pilot order the airplane to be filled to capacity with fuel (topped off) prior to flying the airshow routine. No emergency communications were received from the accident pilot by the wingman in flight, or on the ground, by either the airshow coordinator, or the FAA Inspector, who were together. In a written report, the FAA Inspector stated: ...The crash site was approximately 1.5 statute miles southwest of Malone Airport,...Impact was on a heading of approximately 040 degrees magnetic, in a nose down, wings level attitude. Wreckage was partially buried in a crater. Aircraft was destroyed. There was no fire or explosion. Propeller blades, small pieces of debris, and fuel were scattered within 100 feet, in a small fan-shaped pattern to the northeast of the crater.... An autopsy was conducted by Dr. Leonard Dishman, Medical Examiner for Franklin County, New York, on July 5, 1995. A toxicological examination by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology was negative for drugs and alcohol. According to company and FAA records, the pilot had the following flight times: Total Time 10926 hours F-51 150 hours F-51 (last 90 days) 25 hours F-51 (last 30 days) 8 hours A video tape of the accident was reviewed by a company that specializes in P-51/F-51 checkouts. In a written report, company personnel stated: ...[the pilot] came to us with the declared goal of completing our entire checkout training course, which would satisfy the requirements for a Letter of Authorization in the P-51. He flew six times in our dual-controlled TF-51 between 03 and 06 February 1994, totaling 10.1 hours and completed approximately 50% of our syllabus to our satisfaction. Before leaving, and over a period of time, he was repeatedly and strenuously told that he required substantially more training, especially in the areas of high performance maneuvering and loss of controlled flight. We...find the viewed performance of the aircraft consistent with: A. Poor situational awareness. B. Overcontrolling a positioning turn in preparation for a fly-by. C. Failure to discern the aircraft's degenerating energy state. D. Failure to recognize and correct for the onset of buffet. E. Failure to unload (relax back pressure on the stick) upon the accelerated stall (departure from controlled flight). The aircraft appeared to remain loaded until impact. 3. The aircraft's fuel capacity was 320 gallons of fuel, 140 gallons more than a standard P-51. Full fuel would adversely affect slow speed handling qualities. The higher gross weight would reduce turn capability, by increasing maneuvering stall speeds. Once departed, and not immediately unloaded, the aircraft had inadequate altitude for recovery. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N51KF](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N51KF-2012-05-18), registration cancelled 2012-05-18, S/N 45-11371, built 1963 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: NORTH AMERICAN F-51D - Registry model: [North American/Aero Classics P-51D](https://openairdocs.org/model/north-american-aero-classics-p-51d) (registry code 6402304) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Pkrd-Roll V1650 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/pkrd-roll-v1650-series) (registry code 49001, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 45-11546 - Airframe hours: 1575 - Engines: PACKARD V-1650 1490 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Flight: Part 91 - Operator: George M. Kreiger - Registered owner: U.S. Army Air Corps Museum Inc - Airworthiness certificate: Special, Limited (Special) - Last inspection: Annual, May 31, 1995, 12 hours before - Departed: MAL - Airport: MAL, Malone-Dufort ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 66; airline transport; airplane ratings: single-engine land, single-engine sea, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, valid medical--w/ waivers/lim; seat: front; toxicology performed; flight hours: 10,926 total, 150 in this make and model, 135 in the last 90 days, 45 in the last 30 days ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 250° at 12 knots, gusting 17 - Visibility: 15 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 5,000 ft broken - Temperature: 70 °F, dew point 52 °F - Altimeter: 29.00 inHg - Observed at: MSS, 23 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19950702015839A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19950702015839A), Jul 2, 1995: Namer F51D, Malone, NY, Destroyed, 1 fatal. Flight of two made steep turnout from low pass. Accelerated stall entered. Crashed. Low skill, high gross weight. From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.