# NTSB SEA94LA236: Cessna 182, N2889R, Circle, MT, September 8, 1994 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: September 8, 1994, 14:15 local (20:15 UTC) - Place: Circle, MT - Coordinates: 47.559982, -105.770477 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=47.5600&lon=-105.7705&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 2 uninjured - Status: Completed, report June 19, 1995 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 42021 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=SEA94LA236 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/42021/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA94LA236 ## Probable cause THE FAILURE OF THE PILOT-IN-COMMAND (CFI) TO PERFORM AN ADEQUATE PREFLIGHT INSPECTION OF THE AIRPLANE, INCLUDING THE PROPER SECURING OF THE FUEL CAP. THE PILOT'S FAILURE TO DIVERT TO THE NEAREST AIRPORT AFTER RECOGNIZING EXCESSIVE FUEL CONSUMPTION WAS A FACTOR IN THE ACCIDENT. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of engine power(total) - nonmechanical, approach - vfr pattern - downwind - fuel system,cap - not secured (cause) - fluid,fuel - siphoning - fluid,fuel - exhaustion (cause) - aircraft preflight - inadequate, pilot in command(cfi) (cause) - refueling - not performed, pilot in command(cfi) (contributing factor) - In flight collision with terrain/water, emergency landing - terrain condition - rough/uneven ## Analysis AFTER THE AIRPLANE TOOK OFF, FUEL WAS FOUND TO BE LEAKING FROM THE AIRCRAFT. THE CFI CONTINUED TO OVERFLY ONE AIRPORT AND ATTEMPTED TO LAND AT THE DESTINATION AIRPORT. THE FUEL SUPPLY WAS BECOMING EXHAUSTED AND THE ENGINE RAN INTERMITTENTLY. THE AIRPLANE LANDED SHORT OF THE RUNWAY IN 20-KNOT WINDS. THE PILOT-IN-COMMAND REPORTED THAT POST-ACCIDENT INSPECTION REVEALED THAT THE RIGHT FUEL TANK CAP WAS 'CROSS-THREADED AND THERE EXISTED A ONE-HALF INCH GAP BETWEEN THE CAP AND THE WING.' ## Factual narrative On September 8, 1994, about 1415 hours mountain daylight time, N2889R, a Cessna 182, operated by the Hornoker Wildlife Research Institution, Moscow, Idaho, collided with terrain and was substantially damaged during a forced landing in Circle, Montana. The forced landing was precipitated by a total loss of engine power. The certified flight instructor (CFI) and private pilot were not injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed no flight plan had been filed. The instructional flight departed from Williston, North Dakota, en route to Hailey, Idaho, and was conducted under 14 CFR 91. According to the CFI, the fuel tanks were "topped off" prior to departure on the accident flight in Williston. The CFI stated that he "checked the fuel caps, as always, by reaching up and physically feeling them and visually by standing back and looking." About 25 minutes after departure, the left fuel gauge "was showing steady decline." According to the CFI: When the fuel showed one-quarter tank, I decided to land at the next airport, figuring the fuel cap on the left must be leaking. I switched the fuel selector to the left tank to use up the fuel first, then would go to the right tank, which was indicating full. I was approaching Richey, Montana, which is a dirt strip and offers no services, and believing I had the problem resolved and had one full tank remaining, I decided to proceed on to Circle, Montana, 32 miles away. About 8 miles out of Circle, the engine died, so I switched to the right tank and was able to restart the engine. It ran properly for the next 4 miles and again starting cutting out. I switched to both tanks and performed all restarting procedures. It ran intermittently, then died completely on left base to [runway 12] at Circle, Montana. Without the benefit of airport advisory, I was not aware of the 20 plus knot wind out of the south which slowed my forward progress dramatically and caused me to come up short of the runway. The airplane landed short, slid into a fence and came to rest in a ditch. Both landing gear were sheared off, and the fuselage and right wing were damaged. The CFI stated that the fuel cap on the right wing was "cross threaded" and "there existed a one-half inch gap between the cap and the wing," The private pilot stated that the CFI performed the pre-flight inspection at the departure airport and must not have visually checked and secured the fuel caps. The private pilot stated that he also did not visually check the fuel caps prior to departure. An examination of the wreckage by an airframe and powerplant mechanic, under direction of the Safety Board, did not reveal any evidence of fuel in the fuel tanks or carburetor inlet fuel line. Also, no pre-impact mechanical discrepancies were found during the examination. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N2889R](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N2889R), registered now, S/N 18258489, built 1967 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 182 - Registry model: [Cessna 182K](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-182k) (registry code 2072724) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Continental O-470 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-o-470-series) (registry code 17026, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 18258489 - Airframe hours: 2604 - Engines: CONTINENTAL O-470-R 230 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Instructional, Part 91 - Operator: Hornocker Wildlife Research - Registered owner: Hornocker Wildlife Research - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, December 2, 1993, 45 hours before - Departed: ISN, WILLISTON, ND - Destination: SUN, HAILEY, ID - Airport: 4U6, Circle Town County, runway 12, 4,100 × 75 ft, dirt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 35; airline transport, flight instructor; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, valid medical--w/ waivers/lim; seat: right; flight hours: 3,404 total, 181 in this make and model, 3,143 as pilot in command, 195 in the last 90 days, 71 in the last 30 days, 5 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 200° at 13 knots, gusting 17 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 93 °F, dew point 34 °F - Altimeter: 29.00 inHg - Observed at: GDV, 20 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19940908025999A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19940908025999A), Sep 8, 1994: Cessna 182K, Circle, MT, Substantial damage. Indicating rapid fuel depleton. Diverted to 4U6. Engine quit on base. Landed short due wind. Unsecured fuel caps. From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.