# NTSB WPR11LA012: Cessna 172, N738GN, Portland, OR, October 11, 2010 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: October 10, 2010, 18:55 local (Oct 11, 2010, 01:55 UTC) - Place: Portland, OR - Coordinates: 45.516666, -122.75 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=45.5167&lon=-122.7500&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Approach: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 1 uninjured - Status: Completed, report May 16, 2011 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Western Pacific Region - Parties: Federal Aviation Administration - NTSB case key (mKey): 77547 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=WPR11LA012 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/77547/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=77547 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR11LA012 ## Probable cause The pilot's inadequate preflight inspection and failure to ensure adequate fuel was onboard for the flight, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Inspection: preflight inspection](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061510): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [All aircraft, 551 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061510/cases.md) - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid management (probable cause); cases with it: [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid level (probable cause); cases with it: [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Prior to flight: Preflight or dispatch event](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/030); cases with it: [All aircraft, 355 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/030/sequence.md) - [Approach: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341) (defining event); cases with it: [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Emergency descent: Off-field or emergency landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440); cases with it: [All aircraft, 3,365 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md) - [Landing-landing roll: Collision with terr/obj (non-CFIT) ](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470); cases with it: [All aircraft, 10,189 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md) ## Analysis Prior to flight, the pilot looked inside the fuel tanks and noted that they appeared to be full; however, he did not recall how far down the fuel was from the fuel cap. The pilot departed from the airport and flew northwest 19 minutes to an airport to conduct a stop and go landing and takeoff. After departing that airport, he proceeded south for 2 hours 17 minutes to a second airport to do a full-stop landing. When he departed the second airport toward his final destination, the pilot estimated he had about 13 gallons of fuel remaining for the 48-minute flight. About 7 miles south of his final destination, the engine lost power. The pilot attempted to restart the engine and was successful for a short time before the engine lost power again. The pilot executed a forced landing into a nearby school yard. The total distance for the flight was about 391 miles with an estimated 3 hour 24-minute run time for the engine, without factoring in the wind, delays, and time spent on the ground. Postaccident examination of the airframe and engine revealed no fuel in the right wing tank, approximately 1 gallon in the left wing tank, and about 1 ounce of fuel in the fuel line leading to the engine. There were no breaches in the fuel system. The Pilot Operating Handbook for the airplane stated that the airplane’s unusable fuel level was 1.5 gallons. Additionally, given the performance parameters of the accident flight, the airplane's engine would have burned approximately 7.5 gallons per hour and had a maximum range of 485 miles and 4.1 hours. ## Factual narrative On October 10, 2010, about 1855 Pacific daylight time, a Cessna 172N, N738GN, experienced a loss of engine power during cruise flight and made a forced landing in the playground at the Robert Grey Middle School, about 7 miles southwest of the Portland International Airport (PDX), Portland, Oregon. Snohomish Flying Services operated the flight under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 as a personal cross-country flight. The commercial pilot, the sole occupant, was not injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight, and an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan had been filed. The flight departed Harvey Field Airport (S43), Snohomish, Washington, at an unknown time. The flight was destined for PDX. In a telephone conversation with a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector, the pilot reported that prior to the flight he checked the fuel quantity by looking inside of the fuel tanks. The pilot further stated that the tanks “appear[ed] full, but that the fuel was not spilling out like it sometimes does.” The pilot did not recall how far down the fuel was from the fuel cap. The pilot reported that after departing from the airport he flew northwest 36 miles (about 19 minutes) to Skagit Regional Airport, Burlington, Washington, to conduct a stop and go. After departing, he climbed to 9,000 feet and proceeded south 263 miles (about 2 hours 17 minutes) to Mahlon Sweet Field Airport in Eugene, Oregon, where he landed and taxied back to the runway to prepare for his final leg to PDX. The pilot reported that upon departing Eugene, he estimated he had 13 gallons of fuel remaining for the 92-mile (about 48 minutes) flight to PDX. Approximately 7 miles southwest of PDX the engine lost power. The pilot attempted to restart the engine several times and was able to get it running for a short time, but then it lost power again. The pilot executed a forced landing into a nearby school yard. Post accident examination of the engine and airframe by a FAA inspector revealed no fuel in the right wing tank, approximately 1 gallon of fuel in the left wing tank, and about 1 ounce of fuel in the fuel line leading to the engine. There were no breaches in the fuel system. The Cessna Skyhawk 172N Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) states that the airplane’s unusable fuel level is 1.5 gallons. The total distance for the flight was about 391 miles. Without factoring in winds, delays, and time spent on the ground, the flight has a total estimated time of 3 hours 24 minutes. According to the Cessna Skyhaw 172N POH at about 9,000 feet, with a leaned mixture, the airplane burns about 7.5 gallons per hour. The POH also states that at an altitude of 8,000 feet, with standard fuel tanks, 75% power, and no wind, the airplane has a maximum range of 485 miles and 4.1 hours. ## Aircraft - Registration: N738GN (not matched to a registry record) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 172 (N) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 17269967 - Airframe hours: 10536 - Engines: LYCOMING O-320 160 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Snohomish Flying Services - Registered owner: Kandace Harvey - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Utility; Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, August 8, 2010, 77 hours before - Departed: EUG, Eugene, OR - Destination: PDX, Portland, OR - Flight plan: IFR - Airport: PDX, Portland International Airport ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 26; injuries: none; foreign, commercial, flight instructor; airplane ratings: single-engine land; instrument ratings: helicopter, airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review July 30, 2010; seat: left; flight hours: 466 total, 79 in this make and model, 358 as pilot in command, 28 in the last 90 days, 21 in the last 30 days, 4 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night - Wind: 280° at 5 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 57 °F, dew point 50 °F - Altimeter: 30.29 inHg - Observed at: PDX, 7 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20101010048419A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20101010048419A), Oct 10, 2010: Cessna 172N, Portland, OR, Substantial damage. Pilot conrad mcgreal filed a flight plan for 4.5 hours of flying and reported 5.5 hours fuel onboard. Pilot preflighted the aircraft and believed the fuel… ## Docket (3 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on February 17, 2011, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=77547. 2.1 MB in all. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 2.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40342144&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Redacted.PDF - FAA Record of Conversation with Pilot (item 2, .PDF, 86 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40342145&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=FAA%20Record%20of%20Conversation%20with%20Pilot-Redacted.PDF - Record of Conversation with FAA Inspector (item 3, .PDF, 49 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40342736&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Record%20of%20Conversation%20with%20FAA%20Inspector-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.