# NTSB WPR14FA362: Cessna 177B, N34880, Neihart, MT, September 2, 2014 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: September 2, 2014, 12:30 local (18:30 UTC) - Place: Neihart, MT - Coordinates: 46.858612, -110.678886 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=46.8586&lon=-110.6789&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 1 fatal, 1 serious, 2 minor - Status: Completed, report January 14, 2016 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Western Pacific Region - Parties: Textron Aviation - Cessna Aircraft Company, Federal Aviation Administration - NTSB case key (mKey): 90006 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=WPR14FA362 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/90006/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=90006 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR14FA362 ## Probable cause The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from terrain while maneuvering at low altitude in turbulent conditions over mountainous terrain. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's improper decision to traverse the mountainous area with the airplane over its maximum gross weight and with a forward center of gravity. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Aircraft capability: climb capability](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061010): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Capability exceeded (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061010/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 183 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061010/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters: altitude](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 1,310 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012/cases.md) - [Turbulence](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03032000): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on operation (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03032000/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 92 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03032000/cases.md) - [Terrain: mountainous/hilly terrain](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03021010): Environmental issues › Physical environment · Effect on operation (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03021010/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 329 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03021010/cases.md) - [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 14 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md) - [Aircraft capability: maximum weight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061035): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Capability exceeded (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061035/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 152 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061035/cases.md) - [Aircraft capability: cG/weight distribution](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061040): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Capability exceeded (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061040/cases.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 66 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061040/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Prior to flight: Aircraft loading event](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/010); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/010/sequence.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 84 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/010/sequence.md) - [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Turbulence encounter](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/360); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/360/sequence.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 423 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/360/sequence.md) - [Maneuvering: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 177B, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md?model=2073708), [All aircraft, 1,074 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md) ## Analysis While flying in mountainous terrain to show one of the passengers the area, the pilot entered a canyon that started to narrow as the canyon's walls rose so the pilot initiated a climb. The airplane then experienced a downdraft followed by a second downdraft, and the pilot found a low spot in the trees and attempted a climbing turn; however, the airplane would not climb and started brushing the trees. The airplane descended into the ground, and a postimpact fire ensued. The pilot reported no anomalies with the airframe or engine that would have precluded normal operation, and postaccident examination revealed no evidence of preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation. Weather charts revealed gusty wind conditions with vertical air mixing and an increased potential for turbulence in the accident area. Weather model soundings and simulations revealed that the layer from the surface through 10,000 feet mean sea level was unstable, indicating that the airplane likely encountered wind magnitudes as high as 30 knots, gusty winds, and updrafts and downdrafts in the mountainous terrain. Further, the airplane likely experienced turbulence and encountered downdrafts with a tailwind component at a velocity between 100 and 200 ft per minute. Calculation of the airplane's weight and balance revealed that throughout the flight, the airplane was operating about 114 pounds over maximum gross weight and outside (forward) of the center of gravity envelope. It is likely that the airplane was unable to climb over the terrain as a result of the airplane's weight and balance configuration combined with the weather conditions in the area. ## Factual narrative The four-seat, high-wing, fixed gear airplane, serial number 17702061, was manufactured in 1974. It was powered by a Lycoming IO-360 series, 180 horsepower engine, and was equipped with a McCauley controllable pitch propeller. Review of the airplane's logbooks indicated that the airplane's most recent maintenance inspection was an annual inspection that occurred on July 10, 2014. A review of the weight and balance data for the airplane revealed that the maximum gross weight is 2,500 pounds. The calculated weight of the airplane at the time of the accident was about 2,614 pounds, which placed the center of gravity outside (forward) of the envelope throughout the accident flight. On September 2, 2014, about 1230 mountain daylight time, a Cessna 177B, N34880, impacted terrain about 5 miles southeast of Neihart, Montana. The private pilot and one passenger sustained minor injuries, one passenger was seriously injured, and one passenger was fatally injured. The airplane was destroyed during the accident sequence and subsequent post impact fire. The airplane was registered to, and operated by, the pilot under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 as a personal flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight and no flight plan had been filed. The flight originated from Great Falls International Airport (GTF), Great Falls, Montana at about 1200. The pilot reported that prior to the flight he checked the weather, mentally calculated the airplane's weight and balance, and conducted a preflight inspection of the airplane. The takeoff and departure were uneventful. About 30 miles to the southeast of the airport the pilot descended so the passengers could take photographs of the canyon and an old train route. The pilot conducted a climbing about 360 degree turn to 7,500 feet. He flew along the western ridge of the canyon showing the passengers various landmarks. He continued south along the canyon when the canyon started to narrow and the terrain started to rise. The pilot initiated a climb when the airplane experienced a downdraft. The airplane then experienced a second downdraft and the pilot felt the airplane was a little too low. Unable to turn around between the narrow canyon walls he found a low spot in the trees and attempted to turn around. Despite the airplane's nose being up, the airplane would not climb. It started brushing trees and then it descended into the trees. The last tree impact abruptly turned the airplane before it impacted the ground. Almost immediately after impact the pilot observed fire which quickly engulfed the airplane. The pilot reported that there were no anomalies with the airframe or engine at the time of the accident. The nearest weather reporting station was GTF, approximately 45 miles northwest of the accident site. At 1253 the weather was reported as wind from 250 at 13 knots gusting to 19 knots, visibility 10 statute miles, clear skies, temperature 19 degrees C, dewpoint 3 degrees C,and an altimeter setting of 29.82 inches of mercury. A non-official surface observation site was located about 2 miles southwest of the accident site at an elevation of 8,232 feet. That station reported gusty surface winds around the accident time with a 22 mph wind gust reported immediately following the accident time. National Weather Service charts were used to analyze the area around the accident site. The surface analysis chart revealed a fairly active surface environment with a developing stationary front located east of the accident site, and a developing cold front west of the accident site. The accident site was located in an area indicative of gusty wind conditions. An upper air chart revealed a trough located directly over the accident site that would likely enhance vertical air mixing and an increased potential for turbulence. A North American Mesoscale model sounding was created for the accident site and the layer from the surface through 10,000 feet MSL was "absolutely unstable" which indicates wind magnitudes as high as 30 knots and gusty winds would be expected; updraft and downdrafts would be expected in mountainous terrain. A Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulation was run to simulate the weather conditions surrounding the accident site at the accident time. As the flight progressed the airplane would have experienced turbulence and encountered downdrafts with a tailwind component at a velocity between 100-200 feet per minute. The accident flight would not have encountered an updraft until rising terrain south and east of the accident sight. The pilot, age 55, held a private pilot certificate for airplane single-engine land issued October 25, 2013, and a third-class medical certificate issued February 6, 2013 with the limitation that he must have available glasses for near vision. The pilot had 118 total hours, 35 of which were in the accident aircraft make and model. An on-scene examination revealed no anomalies with the airframe or engine that would have precluded normal operations. The cabin area sustained heavy thermal damage throughout; the propeller, throttle, and mixture controls were full forward and sustained heat damage. The instrument panel, avionics, and fuel selector were unidentifiable. Control continuity was established throughout the primary flight controls. The fuel system was mostly consumed by fire; however, the left wing fuel tank contained several gallons of fuel consistent with 100LL aviation gasoline. The engine remained intact and sustained extensive thermal damage; it was unable to be rotated by hand. There was no evidence of catastrophic engine failure. The propeller blades were still secured to the propeller hub and both were bent aft. The airplane came to rest near the top of a ridge in a heavily wooded mountain pass. The wreckage path was about 82 yards long running downhill; there were many downed trees, and tree fragments throughout the debris path. The first identified point of impactwas a topped tree that was about 30 feet tall. About 30 yards from the topped tree was the right side stabilator and a portion of a red beacon lens. Shortly thereafter were fragments of stabilator end caps, branches, and part of a wheel pant. Also in this immediate area was an about three foot section of the outboard right wing and the right wing tip with the strobe and green navigation light still attached. Beyond the outboard right wing was the left side stabilator. There was an increase in fully downed 3- to 4-inch in diameter trees that sustained a smooth diagonal slice. Immediately following those trees was the main wreckage, which came to rest upside down and was heavily burned. The main wreckage consisted of the vertical stabilizer and rudder, left wing, inboard right wing, the cabin area, and engine compartment. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N34880](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N34880-2017-04-24), registration cancelled 2017-04-24, S/N 17702061, built 1974 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 177B - Registry model: [Cessna 177B](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-177b) (registry code 2073708) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming O&VO-360 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-o-vo-360-series) (registry code 41514, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 17702061 - Year built: 1974 - Airframe hours: 3600 - Engines: LYCOMING O-360-A1F6D 180 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Fire: On-Ground - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Wilsey Christopher - Registered owner: Wilsey Christopher - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, July 10, 2014 - Departed: GTF, Great Falls, MT - Destination: 7S6, White Sulphur S, MT ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 55; injuries: minor; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 3, with waivers/limitations; last flight review October 25, 2013; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 118 total, 35 in this make and model ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 250° at 13 knots, gusting 19 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 66 °F, dew point 37 °F - Altimeter: 29.81 inHg - Observed at: GTF, 45 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20140902016339A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20140902016339A), Sep 2, 2014: Cessna 177B, Neihart, MT, Destroyed, 1 fatal. At approximately 1200L on 9/02/2014 the owner/pilot departed from great falls int'l, MT (gtf) in N34880 (180HP CE-177-B), with full fuel and 3 passengers for a… ## Docket (9 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on December 10, 2015, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=90006. 9.6 MB in all. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 258 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434798&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Master.PDF - Group Chairman's Weather Study Report - Meteorology (item 2, .PDF, 5.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434797&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Group%20Chairman%27s%20Weather%20Study%20Report%20-%20Meteorology-Master.PDF - Record of Conversation - Pilot (item 3, .PDF, 247 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434799&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Record%20of%20Conversation%20-%20Pilot-Master.PDF - Google Earth - Pilot's Flight Track (Courtesy of the Pilot) (item 4, .PDF, 180 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434800&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Google%20Earth%20-%20Pilot%27s%20Flight%20Track%20(Courtesy%20of%20the%20Pilot)-Master.PDF - Google Earth - Debris Path (item 5, .PDF, 368 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434801&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Google%20Earth%20-%20Debris%20Path-Master.PDF - On Scene Observations (item 6, .PDF, 9 photos, 2.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434802&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=On%20Scene%20Observations-Master.PDF - Weight and Balance (item 7, .PDF, 21 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434803&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Weight%20and%20Balance-Master.PDF - Statement of Party Representatives to NTSB Investigation (item 8, .PDF, 246 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434804&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Statement%20of%20Party%20Representatives%20to%20NTSB%20Investigation-Master.PDF - Release of Aircraft Wreckage, NTSB Form 6120.15 (item 9, .PDF, 52 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40434805&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Release%20of%20Aircraft%20Wreckage,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.15-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.