# NTSB WPR18LA241: Cessna 172, N5660J, Afton, WY, August 13, 2018 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: August 13, 2018, 09:08 local (15:08 UTC) - Place: Afton, WY - Coordinates: 42.720236, -110.93255 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=42.7202&lon=-110.9326&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) - Highest injury: Serious injuries - Injuries: 3 serious - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Western Pacific Region - Parties: Federal Aviaiton Administration, Textron Aviation - NTSB case key (mKey): 98164 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=WPR18LA241 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/98164/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=98164 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR18LA241 ## Probable cause The pilot’s failure to maintain terrain clearance after an encounter with a downdraft while maneuvering in a valley with a high-density altitude, which resulted in impact with trees and terrain. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Temp/humidity/pressure: high density altitude](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03031020): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on equipment (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 6 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03031020/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 278 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03031020/cases.md) - [Wind: downdraft](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034035): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on equipment (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034035/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 178 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034035/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters: altitude](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 8 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 1,310 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012/cases.md) - [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 41 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Maneuvering: Other weather encounter](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/400); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 18 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/400/sequence.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 1,127 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/400/sequence.md) - [Maneuvering: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 14 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 1,074 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md) ## Analysis An airline transport pilot and two passengers departed on an aerial observation flight in mountainous terrain. While flying in a valley, the pilot reported that he experienced downdrafts, which made it unlikely that the airplane would clear the ridge lines in front of the airplane. The pilot performed a steep 180° left turn to exit from the high terrain. However, after completing the turn, the airplane was unable to climb over terrain and struck several trees before impacting the ground, which resulted in substantial damage to the wings and fuselage. The pilot reported no preaccident mechanical failures or malfunctions with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation. The airplane's weight and balance was calculated as about 256 pounds below the maximum gross weight limit, and the density altitude at the accident was calculated as about 8,765 ft mean sea level (msl). A weather study of the accident area identified no significant winds, turbulence, or low-level wind shear present or forecast. The study did identify a surface-based inversion that existed to about 500 ft above ground level (agl). Additionally, another pilot in a different airplane stated that moderate turbulence was present near the accident area about 18 minutes before the accident. Due to a combination of the airplane's high gross weight, a high-density altitude, a temperature inversion, maneuvering at a steep bank in order to avoid high terrain, and with potential downdrafts, the pilot dissipated the airplane's airspeed and altitude, and approached a stall. With no altitude available to increase the airspeed after the left turn and already at full power, the airplane continued to descend until it struck trees and impacted terrain. ## Factual narrative On August 13, 2018, about 0908 mountain daylight time, a Cessna 172N airplane, N5660J, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Afton, Wyoming. The airline transport pilot and two passengers sustained serious injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 local aerial observation flight. According to the pilot, while conducting aerial observation of markers for a local mine in a valley next to mountainous terrain, he experienced downdrafts and the airplane lost altitude. In an attempt to exit from the high terrain, the pilot performed a 180° left turn with about 45° of bank. However, after completing the turn, the airplane's stall horn began to sound. The airplane was unable to climb over terrain and struck several trees and subsequently impacted terrain, which resulted in substantial damage to the wings and fuselage. The pilot reported no preaccident anomalies with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation. The airplane wreckage was recovered at an elevation of about 6,750 ft msl in heavily forested terrain. Using the environmental factors at the accident site, the density altitude was calculated to be about 8,765 ft msl. Additionally, aircraft performance charts indicated the airplane would have had a climb rate of about 300 ft per minute under the conditions at the accident site. Review of the weight and balance form provided by the pilot revealed that the airplane was operated at a gross weight of 2,294 pounds at takeoff, under the maximum gross takeoff weight of 2,550 pounds. The center of gravity calculation was within the specified limits. A weather study of the station models surrounding the accident area identified only light winds with variable winds of 10 knots or less and clear to scattered clouds. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration numerical model indicated that the temperature was 18.2°C and the dew point was 1.8°C. According to the model, a surface-based inversion existed to about 500 ft agl. No low-level wind shear or significant turbulence was indicated, and the winds from 500 ft agl to the surface were calm. A search of pilot reports over the region indicated that there were no reports 3 hours before or after the accident. No SIGMETS or AIRMETS were current at the time of the accident for any turbulence, low-level wind shear, or high winds. The National Weather Service had a current AIRMET Sierra for mountain obscuration conditions. According to a commercial pilot who was flying about 15 miles north of the accident area, there was moderate turbulence over the mountain ridge lines. The pilot had landed about the time that the accident airplane had taken off. The Federal Aviation Administration's Aviation Safety Program publication "Tips on Mountain Flying," section on ridge and pass crossing, stated that "experienced pilots recommend crossing a ridge line or pass, at the ridge elevation plus at least 1,000 ft.” The publication alsostated, "plan to be at that altitude at least three miles before reaching the ridge …This clearance zone will give you a reasonable safety zone to avoid the most severe turbulence and down drafts in windy conditions." The publication further stated "when you actually cross a ridge, you should do so at a 45° angle to the ridge. This allows you to turn away from the ridge quicker is you encounter a severe downdraft or turbulence.” ## Aircraft - Registration: [N5660J](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N5660J-2019-02-12), registration cancelled 2019-02-12, S/N 17273825, built 1980 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Cessna 172 (N) - Registry model: [Cessna 172N](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172n) (registry code 2072434) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming 0-320 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-0-320-series) (registry code 41508, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 17273825 - Year built: 1980 - Airframe hours: 4418.7 - Engines: Lycoming O-360-A4M 180 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Aerial observation, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, May 22, 2018 - Departed: AFO, Afton, WY - Destination: AFO, Afton, WY - Flight plan: Company VFR - Equipment: Stall warning system ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 66; injuries: serious; airline transport, commercial, private, flight instructor; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: helicopter, airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review May 2, 2016; seat: left; restraint: lap only; flight hours: 17,383 total, 2,600 in this make and model, 15,346 as pilot in command, 179 in the last 90 days, 67 in the last 30 days, 2 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 50° at 5 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 11,000 ft broken - Temperature: 55 °F, dew point 43 °F - Altimeter: 30.22 inHg - Observed at: AFO, 16 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20180813014199A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20180813014199A), Aug 13, 2018: Cessna 172N, Caribou County, ID, Destroyed. Pilot took a student out that same morning to the same mountainous area and encountered smooth, calm air. He landed and immediately loaded two passengers to do… ## Docket (8 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on August 5, 2021, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=98164. 18.8 MB in all. - Weather study (item 1, PDF, 16 pages, 1.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=7835922&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=WPR18LA241%20-%20Auburn,%20WY%20Wx%20Study-Rel.pdf - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 2, PDF, 11 pages, 13.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9808240&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20Accident%20Report%2021Aug2018_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Record of conversation (item 3, PDF, 5 pages, 62 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9808306&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Record%20of%20Conversation%20WPR18LA241%20Final-Rel.pdf - POH climb rate excerpt (item 4, PDF, 1 page, 106 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9808297&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=POH%20Climb%20Rate%20Excerpt-Rel.pdf - Flight manual supplement excerpt (item 5, PDF, 1 page, 42 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9808315&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=STC%20SA4428SW%20AFM%20Supplement-Rel.pdf - Tips on mountain flying (item 6, PDF, 2 pages, 346 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9808333&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Tips_on_mountain_flying-Rel.pdf - Textron aviation accident report (item 7, PDF, 5 pages, 189 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9809116&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Textron%20Aviation%20Accident%20Report_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Statement of party representatives to NTSB investigation (item 8, PDF, 1 page, 3.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9808279&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Party%20Member%20Form_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.