4-14 Weather Report (METAR) stations. To avoid overcrowding, the overlay shows only a subset of the total number of stations available at the CONUS scale view. Additional stations are displayed when zooming in.
4.2.1.3 CVA Ceiling Analysis.
The CVA Ceiling Analysis uses observed and estimated ceiling heights as follows:
• At display points corresponding to METAR locations, CVA uses the ceiling values observed by the nearest METAR.
• At display points between METAR locations (where there are no direct observations), CVA uses estimated ceiling values derived by adjusting the ceiling observation from the nearest METAR to take into account intervening changes in terrain height. When corresponding Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) observations yield an unambiguous indication that no cloud is present, adjusted ceiling observations are reset to indicate clear conditions.
• At display points where observed or estimated ceiling height is less than 200 feet (ft) AGL, CVA reports “Possible Terrain Obstruction.”
The CVA Ceiling Analysis graphic is rendered as follows:
• Ceiling less than 1,000 ft AGL: pale yellow.
• Ceiling less than 200 ft. AGL and Possible Terrain Obstruction: orange.
Fi gure 4-14, CONUS Display of CVA Ceiling Analysis, shows a CONUS-scale CVA Ceiling Analysis. Figure 4-15, Regional Display of CVA Ceiling Analysis, shows a regional-scal e Ceiling Analysis.
Figure 4-14. CONUS Display of CVA Ceiling Analysis Ceiling and Visibility Display at 1340 UTC 19 Jun 2015
52.118.-128.075 Map: Plot Options: Data Options: Overlays:
• Light • Hover 1340 UTC 19 Jun • Time • Highways
• Dark FitCat - Plottype • Top Jetroutes
• Simple •ARTCC/FIR Bounds FItCat Possible Terrain Obscuration IFR FIt Cat: • VFROMVFR OIFR OLIFR 4-15
Figure 4-15. Regional Display of CVA Ceiling Analysis Ceiling and Visibility Display at 1325 UTC 19 Jun 2015
41.794-101.713 Map: Plot Options: Data Options: Overlays:
• Light • Hover 1325 UTC 19 Jun • Time • Highways
• Dark Visib - Plottype • Top Jetroutes
• Simple •ARTCC/FIR Bounds Vis FIt Cat: •VFR •MVFR • IFR OLIFR Less than 3 miles
4.2.1.4 CVA Visibility Analysis.
The CVA Visibility Analysis (shown as a regional view in Figure 4-16, Regional Display of CVA Visibility Analysis) reports the observed visibility at the nearest METAR. The graphic is rendered as follows:
• Surface visibility less than 3 sm: pale yellow.
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Figure 4-16. Regional Display of CVA Visibility Analysis Ceiling and Visibility Display at 1325 UTC 19 Jun 2015
41.794-101.713 Map: Plot Options: Data Options: Overlays:
• Light • Hover 1325 UTC 19 Jun • Time • Highways © Dark Visib • Plottype • Top Jetroutes
• Simple •ARTCC/FIR Bounds VIS FIt Cat: • VFR •MVFR • IFR OLIFR Less than 3 miles
4.2.1.5 CVA Flight Category Analysis.
The CVA Flight Category Analysis (shown as a regional view in Figure 4-17, Regional Display of CVA Flight Category Analysis) uses observed and estimated ceiling and visibility values to report the flight category at each display point. The graphic is rendered as follows:
• IFR-pale yellow: Ceiling less than 1,000 ft AGL and/or visibility less than 3 sm.
• LIFR-orange: Ceiling less than 200 ft AGL and Possible Terrain Obstruction.
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4-18 Figure 4-17. Regional Display of CVA Flight Category Analysis
Areas of possible terrain obscuration (indicated by estimated ceiling less than 200 ft AGL) are also shown.
4.2.1.6 Strengths and Limitations.
4.2.1.6.1 CVA Strengths.
• The CVA’s area-wide graphics highlight observed and estimated IFR, VFR, and possible ground obscuration conditions, enabling a user’s quick recognition of ceiling and visibility hazards, as represented by existing observational tools.
• The CVA is issued every 5 minutes using the most current METAR and GOES observations available. These rapid updates enhance recognition of trends when conditions are changing. The CVA incorporates “special” METAR observations as they are issued.
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4.2.1.6.2 CVA Limitations.
• The CVA is an analysis of estimated real-time conditions only. It is not a forecast and cannot be used in place of a forecast.
• The CVA must only be used with products such as METARs, Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF), and Airmen’s Meteorological Information (AIRMET).
• The CVA’s representation of ceiling and visibility conditions in regions between METARS (where direct observations are unavailable) can be significantly in error. As distance from the nearest METAR increases, the uncertainty in represented conditions increases.
• Impacted ceiling and visibility conditions can be highly localized and smaller in scale than the 5 km grid used to convey CVA information.
Thus, small-scale variations in ceiling and visibility conditions may not be represented by CVA, even in regions close to observing stations.
4.2.1.7 Use.
General aviation pilots, weather briefers, and others involved in flight planning can use CVA as a companion to METARS, TAFs, and AIRMETs to help them recognize and avoid IFR conditions. Along with the foregoing weather information sources, the CVA can aid IFR avoidance and escape for the en route pilot who inadvertently encounters IFR conditions.
Pilots and flight planners must exercise judgment when using CVA information, as it is based in recent weather information and calculated estimations. Degrading conditions are more likely as the distance and time increase from the station’s reported weather.
The CVA is one of the data fields included in the part of the helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) Tool (see paragraph 6.1).
4.2.2 Weather Depiction Chart.
The Weather Depiction Chart (see Figure 4-18, Weather Depiction Chart—Example) is being phased out by the NWS, in favor of newer ceiling and visibility products, like the CVA pr oduct.
4-20 Figure 4-18. Weather Depiction Chart—Example
4.3 Upper-Air Analyses.
4.3.1 Issuance.
The NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Central Operations (NCO) produces and provides upper-air analyses and forecast products. Their website, Model Analyses and Guidance (see Figure 4-19, NWS NCEP Central Operations Model Analyses and Guidance Website), contains a user’s guide that provides descriptions, details, a nd examples of the various products. A select subset of these products is available on https://www.aviationweather.gov.
Figure 4-19. NWS NCEP Central Operations Model Analyses and Guidance Website DOC NOAA NWS NCEP Centers: AWC CPC EMC NCO NHC OPC SPC SWPC WPC NCEP Home ≥ NCO Home ≥ Systems Integration Branch ≥ Model Analyses and Guidance Model Analyses and Guidance Information + Website Check here for the Latest News Select Model Guidance, Observations and Analyses, or Tropical Guidance
MODEL GUIDANCE OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSES TROPICAL GUIDANCE Upcoming Changes T User's Guide I Frequently Asked Questions I Product Description Document MAG V3.0.0 NOAA/ National Weather Service Disclaimer Privacy Policy National Centers for Environmental Prediction Credits About Us 5830 University Research Court Glossary Career Opportunities College Park, MD 20740 NCEP Internet Services Team Page last modified: May 20 2013 17:08 PM UTC.
A user's guide, located within Website Information (upper right corner), provides descriptions, details, and examples of the various products.
4.3.1.1 Constant Pressure Analyses.
Constant Pressure Charts (see Figure 4-20, 500 MB Analysis Chart-Example) are being phased out by the NWS in favor of other products (see Figure 4-21, 500 MB Height, Temperature, and Wind, 00-hour Forecast
(i.e., Model's Analyses from the NWS's North American Model [NAM] Example)) available on NCO's Model Analyses and Guidance website.
See paragraph 5.17.1 for additional information.
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4-22 Figure 4-20. 500 MB Analysis Chart—Example
Fi gure 4-21. 500 MB Height, Temperature, and Wind, 00-hour Forecast (i.e., Model’s Analyses from the NWS’s North American Model (NAM) Example) Specific details regarding the content of the product is provided in the Product Description tab on the NCO’s Model Analyses and Guidance Web page.
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4.3.1.2 Use.
See paragraph 5.17.1.2.
4.3.2 Radiosonde Observation Analysis.
A common means of analyzing radiosonde observations (see paragraph 3.6.1) is the skew-T diagram (see Figure 4-22, Skew-T Diagram—Example). Skew-T diagrams are primarily intended for, and used by, meteorologists as part of their analyses of the atmosphere.
For example, the skew-T diagram can be used to:
• Determine the freezing level (or levels);
• Determine the stability of the atmosphere;
• Determine the potential for severe weather;
• Determine the height and depth of inversions;
• Infer cloud bases, tops, and cloud layers; and
• Determine soaring conditions.
4.3.2.1 Issuan ce.
Skew-T diagrams are available from the NWS NCO. Their website, Model Analyses and Guidance (see Figure 4-19), contains a user’s guide that provides descriptions, details, and examples of the various products, including the sk ew-T.
4.3.2.2 Format.
The skew-T diagram provided on the NWS NCO Model Analyses and Guidance website uses the following format (other weather providers and websites may have different formats, especially colors):
• Horizontal axis is temperature in degrees Celsius, skewed to the right, labeled (minus) -20, 0, and 20 (Celsius).
• Vertical axis is pressure levels in millibars, labeled 1,000 (near sea level) to 100 (approximately 53,000 ft MSL).
• Bold solid red line represents the temperature profile over the station taken from the radiosonde observation (weather balloon).
• Bold solid green line represents the dewpoint profile.
• Wind aloft is shown on the far right side.
4-24 Figure 4-22. Skew-T Diagram—Example
4.3.2.3 Example.
Tw o examples are provided: a multiple freezing level example (see Figure 4-23, Skew-T Diagram—Multiple Freezing Level Example) and a cloud top example (see Figure 4-24, Skew-T Diagram—Cloud Top Example).
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4.3.2.3.1 Multiple Freezing Level Example.
Figure 4-23. Skew-T Diagram—Multiple Freezing Level Example
Horizontal axis is temperature in degrees Celsius, skewed to the right, labeled -20, 0, and 20 (Celsius). Vertical axis is pressure levels in millibars, labeled 1000 (near sea level) to 500 (18,000 ft). Bold solid red line represents the temperature profile over the station taken from the radiosonde observation (weather balloon). Bold solid green line represents the dewpoint profile.
Note how the temperature profile (bold red line) crosses the 0 degree temperature line (also known as an isotherm) 5 times (near 900 MB, 860 MB, 775 MB, 725 MB, and 675 MB).
4.3.2.3.2 Cloud Top Example.
Figure 4-24 is the radiosonde observation from Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), California, for 1200 UTC for a typical coastal stratus cloud.
Figure 4-24. Skew-T Diagram—Cloud Top Example At about 950 MB, the temperature profile (bold red line) and dewpoint profile (bold green line) almost touch each other. This is the profile of a cloud top. The temperature and dewpoint quickly diverge, representing a change from the cool, moist air (and associated stratus cloud) to the dry and warmer air (cloud free) above.
4.3.2.4 Use.
Skew-T diagrams are primarily intended for, and used by, meteorologists as part of their analyses of the atmosphere and formulation of various forecasts.