December 1999 4-35
WINDS AND TEMPERATURES ALOFT FORECAST (FD) Winds and temperatures aloft are forecasted for specific locations in the contiguous U.S., as shown in Figure 4-9. The FD forecasts are also prepared for a network of locations in Alaska and Hawaii as shown in Figure 4-10. Forecasts are made twice daily based on the 00Z and 12Z radiosonde data for use during specific time intervals.
Below is a sample FD message containing a heading and two FD locations. The heading always includes the time during which the FD may be used (0500-0900Z in the example) and a notation “TEMPS NEG ABV 24000.” Since temperatures above 24,000 feet are always negative, the minus sign is omitted.
Example of FD report:
DATA BASED ON 010000Z VALID 010600Z FOR USE 0500-0900Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000 FT 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 24000 30000 34000 39000 MKC 2426 2726-09 2826-14 2930-21 2744-32 2751-41 275550 276050 731960 ABQ 1912+15 1914+07 1917-06 1820-17 172132 171942 192054 Explanation of FD:
The data are based on the radiosonde information from the 1st day of the month at 00Z. The second line describes the valid time. In this example, the valid time is the 1st at 06Z for use on the 1st between 05- 09Z. Temperatures are negative above 24,000 feet. The line labeled “FT” indicates the levels of the wind and temperature data. Through 12,000, feet the levels are true altitude. From 18,000 feet and above, the levels are pressure altitude. The 45,000-foot and 53,000-foot levels are also available. The pilot may request these levels from the FSS briefer. A six-digit group shows wind direction, in reference to true north, wind speed in knots, and temperature in degrees Celsius.
Note the Kansas City, MO (MKC), forecast for 3,000 feet. The group “2426” means the wind is from 240 degrees at 26 knots. The first two digits give direction in tens of degrees and the second two digits are the wind speed in knots. In the MKC forecast, the coded group for 9,000 feet is “2826-14.” The wind is from 280 degrees at 26 knots and the temperature is negative 14 degrees Celsius. Note in the Albuquerque (ABQ) 3,000- and 6,000-foot examples that the wind group is omitted. No winds are forecasted within 1,500 feet of station elevation. Also, no temperatures are forecasted for any level within 2,500 feet of station elevation. (See MKC 3000 example.)
If a wind direction is coded between 51 and 86, the wind speed is 100 knots or greater. For example, the MKC forecast for 39,000 feet is “731960.” To decode this, subtract 50 from the wind direction and add 100 knots to the wind speed. Thus, the wind direction is from 230 degrees (73-50=23) and the speed is 119 knots (100+19=119). The temperature is minus 60 degrees Celsius. If the wind speed is forecasted to be 200 knots or greater, the wind group is coded as 99 knots. For example, “7799” is decoded as 270 degrees at 199 knots or greater. When the forecast speed is less than 5 knots, the coded group is “9900” and read, “LIGHT AND VARIABLE.”
Examples of decoding FDs:
Coded Decoded 9900+00 Wind light and variable, temperature 0 degrees Celsius 2707 270 degrees at 7 knots 850552 350 degrees (85-50=35) at 105 knots (100+05=105), temperature -52 degrees Celsius
December 1999
WM BOS ALB DEOD ACK CAR БУFк /ACY ORF RDU SOMAT FORECAST WINDS AND TEMPERATURES ALOFT NETWORK BUF PSE AUP CLE •AGC EML ERN RICH CAW • ROA OTRI GSP OILM CAE FLO •CHS 2xG PIE MLE • MIA *ÉYW ECK FWA CMH• • CVG, • LOU • TYSO •ATL •CSG PEÑ MKG IND BNA HSV ВНМ • MGM TO7 GRB ILSE SPI • CGI® MEM JAN • H52 Figure 4-9. FD Locations for Contiguous United States.
XN MSP MCW DBQ DSN МкС coU SGF ока TůL FSM SHV LCH HOU • H51 GFK DIK MIB ABR PIRO FSD • ONLO OMA • GRI • GCK • GAG CLL MAF DAT SAT pSX TCRP BRO RÅP BFF PUB AMA UBB INK GGW BIL MLS CzI RKS MBW DEN TCC ROW LND • • FMN ZUN ABQ PRC SİSEA GEG YKM ROM OLKV • SBA ONT ELHI
•SIY AST Отн 4-36
December 1999 BTI
• BTT
• FYU
• GAL
• UNK — FAI
• MCG ORTE CZF
• GKN ¡BET
• 5AB • SNP EHMO LAKN 5AG • YAKO RADQ 5AF 5AE • 5AD • 5AC•
ALASKA LOCATIONS
• LiH OGG LITO
HAWAII LOCATIONS Figure 4-10. FD Locations for Alaska and Hawaii.
4-37
December 1999 4-38
CENTER WEATHER SERVICE UNIT (CWSU) PRODUCTS Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) products are issued by the CWSU meteorologists located in the Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs). Coordination between the CWSU meteorologist and other NWS facilities is extremely important since both can address the same event. If time permits, coordination should take place before the CWSU meteorologist issues a product.
METEOROLOGICAL IMPACT STATEMENT (MIS) A Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) is an unscheduled flow control and flight operations planning forecast. The MIS can be valid between 2 to 12 hours after issuance. This enables the impact of expected weather conditions to be included in air traffic control decisions in the near future. The MIS will be issued when the following three conditions are met:
1. If any one of the following conditions occur, are forecasted to occur, and if previously forecasted, are no longer expected to occur:
a. convective SIGMET criteria
b. moderate or greater icing and/or turbulence
c. heavy or freezing precipitation
d. low IFR conditions
e. surface winds/gusts 30 knots or greater
f. low-level wind shear within 2,000 feet of the surface
g. volcanic ash, dust or sandstorm
2. If the impact occurs on air traffic flow within the ARTCC area of responsibility
3. If the forecast lead time (the time between issuance and onset of a phenomenon), in the forecaster’s judgment, is sufficient to make issuance of a Center Weather Advisory (CWA) unnecessary Example of a MIS:
ZOA MIS 01 VALID 041415-041900 …FOR ATC PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY…
FOR SFO BAY AREA DNS BR/FG WITH CIG BLO 005 AND VIS OCNL BLO 1SM TIL 19Z.
This MIS from the Fremont, California (CA), ARTCC is the first issuance of the day. It was issued at 1415Z on the fourth and is valid until 1900Z on the fourth. This forecast is for the San Francisco Bay area. The forecast is of dense fog/mist with ceilings below 500 feet and visibilities occasionally below 1SM until 19Z.
Example:
ZOA MIS 02 VALID 041650 …FOR ATC PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY…
FOR SFO BAY AREA CANCEL ZOA MIS 01. DNS BR/FG CONDS HAVE IPVD ERYR THAN FCST.
This MIS is from the Fremont, CA, ARTCC and cancels the previously issued MIS. Specifically it states dense fog/mist conditions have improved earlier than forecasted.
December 1999 4-39 Example:
ZID MIS 03 VALID 041200-042330 …FOR ATC PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY…
FROM IND TO CMH TO LOZ TO EVV TO IND FRQ MOD TURBC FL310-390 DUE TO JTSTR…CONDS DMSHG IN INTSTY AFT 21Z.
This MIS from the Indianapolis, Indiana (IN), ARTCC was issued at 1200Z on the fourth and valid until the fourth at 2330Z. This forecast describes an area from Indianapolis, IN, to Columbus, Ohio (OH), to London, Kentucky (KY), to Evansville, IN, and back to Indianapolis, IN. The MIS describes frequent moderate turbulence between flight levels 310-390 caused by the jet stream. Conditions will diminish in intensity after 21Z.
CENTER WEATHER ADVISORY (CWA) A Center Weather Advisory (CWA) is an aviation warning for use by air crews to anticipate and avoid adverse weather conditions in the en route and terminal environments. The CWA is not a flight planning product; instead it reflects current conditions expected at the time of issuance and/or is a short-range forecast for conditions expected to begin within 2 hours of issuance. CWAs are valid for a maximum of 2 hours. If conditions are expected to continue beyond the 2-hour valid period, a statement will be included in the CWA.
A CWA may be issued for the following three situations:
1. As a supplement to an existing inflight aviation weather advisory for the purpose of improving or updating the definition of the phenomenon in terms of location, movement, extent, or intensity relevant to the ARTCC area of responsibility. This is important for the following reason. A SIGMET for severe turbulence was issued by AWC, and the outline covered the entire ARTCC area for the total 4-hour valid time period. However, the forecaster may issue a CWA covering only a relatively small portion of the ARTCC area at any one time during the 4-hour period.
2. When an inflight aviation weather advisory has not yet been issued but conditions meet the criteria based on current pilot reports and the information must be disseminated sooner than the AWC can issue the inflight aviation weather advisory. In this case of an impending SIGMET, the CWA will be issued as urgent (UCWA) to allow the fastest possible dissemination.
3. When inflight aviation weather advisory criteria are not met but conditions are or will shortly be adversely affecting the safe flow of air traffic within the ARTCC area of responsibility.
Example of a CWA:
ZME1 CWA 081300 ZME CWA 101 VALID UNTIL 081500
FROM MEM TO JAN TO LIT TO MEM AREA SCT VIP 5-6 (INTENSE/EXTREME) TS MOV FROM 26025KT. TOPS TO FL450.
This CWA was issued by the Memphis, Tennessee (TN), ARTCC. The 1 after the ZME in the first line denotes this CWA has been issued for the first weather phenomenon to occur for the day. It was written on the eighth at 1300Z. The 101 in the second line denotes the phenomenon number again (1) and the issuance number (01) for this phenomenon. The CWA is until the eighth at 1500Z. The area is bounded from Memphis, TN, to Jackson, MS, to Little Rock, AR, and back to Memphis, TN. Within the CWA is an area with scattered VIP 5-6 (intense/extreme) thunderstorms moving from 260 degrees at 25 knots.
Tops of the thunderstorms are at FL450.
December 1999 4-40
HURRICANE ADVISORY (WH) When a hurricane threatens a coastline, but is located at least 300NM offshore, a Hurricane Advisory (WH) is issued to alert aviation interests. The advisory gives the location of the storm center, its expected movement, and the maximum winds in and near the storm center. It does not contain details of associated weather, as specific ceilings, visibilities, weather, and hazards that are found in the FAs, TAFs, and inflight aviation weather advisories.
Example of a WH:
ZCZC MIATCPAT4 TTAA00 KNHC 190841
BULLETIN HURRICANE DANNY ADVISORY NUMBER 13
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL 4 AM CDT SAT JUL 19 1997 …DANNY STILL MOVING LITTLE…ANY NORTHWARD DRIFT WOULD BRING THE CENTER ONSHORE…
HURRICANE WARNINGS ARE IN EFFECT FROM GULFPORT MISSISSIPPI TO APALACHICOLA FLORIDA. SMALL CRAFT SOUTHWEST OF GULFPORT SHOULD REMAIN IN PORT UNTIL WINDS AND SEAS SUBSIDE.
AT 4 AM CDT…0900Z…THE CENTER OF HURRICANE DANNY WAS LOCATED BY
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADAR AND RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT NEAR LATITUDE 30.2 NORTH…LONGITUDE 88.0 WEST…VERY NEAR THE COAST ABOUT 25 MILES SOUTH-SOUTHEAST OF MOBILE ALABAMA.
DANNY HAS MOVED LITTLE DURING THE PAST FEW HOURS. WHILE SOME ERRATIC MOTION CAN BE EXPECTED DURING THE NEXT FEW HOURS…A GRADUAL TURN TOWARD THE NORTHEAST IS EXPECTED TODAY. ON THIS COURSE…THE CENTER IS EXPECTED TO MAKE LANDFALL IN THE WARNING AREA TODAY. HOWEVER ANY
DEVIAITON TO THE NORTH OR THE TRACK WOULD BRING THE CENTER ONSHORE WITHIN THE WARNING AREA AT ANYTIME.
MAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS ARE NEAR 75 MPH WITH HIGHER GUSTS. SOME STRENGTHENING IS STILL POSSIBLE PRIOR TO LANDFALL. DAUPHIN ISLAND RECENTLY REPORTED GUSTS TO 66 MPH AND THE PRESSURE DROPPED TO 989MB…29.20 INCHES.
DANNY HAS A RELATIVELY SMALL WIND FIELD. HURRICANE FORCE WINDS EXTEND OUTWARD UP TO 25 MPH FROM THE CENTER AND TROPICAL STORM FORCE WINDS EXTEND OUTWARD UP TO 70 MILES.
LATEST MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE REPORTED BY A RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT WAS 986 MB…29.11 INCHES.
RADAR SHOWS RAIN BANDS AFFECTING THE AREA FROM SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI TO THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE. TOTALS OF 10 TO 20 INCHES…LOCALLY HIGHER…COULD OCCUR NEAR THE TRACK OF DANNY DURING THE NEXT FEW DAYS.
STORM SURGE FLOODING OF 4 TO 5 FEET ABOVE NORMAL TIDES IS POSSIBLE ALONG THE GULF COAST EAST OF THE CENTER.
December 1999 4-41 Example of WH forecast/advisory:
ZCZC MIATCMAT4 TTAA00 KNHC 190845 HURRICANE DANNY FORECAST/ADVISORY NUMBER 13 NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL AL0497 0900Z SAT JUL 19 1997
HURRICANE WARNINGS ARE IN EFFECT FROM GULFPORT MISSISSIPPI TO APALACHICOLA FLORIDA. SMALL CRAFT SOUTHWEST OF GULFPORT SHOULD REMAIN IN PORT UNTIL THE WINDS AND SEAS SUBSIDE.
HURRICANE CENTER LOCATED NEAR 30.2 N 88.0 W AT 19/0900Z POSITION ACCURATE WITHIN 30 NM.
PRESENT MOVEMENT NEARLY STATIONARY ESTIMATED MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE 986 MB MAX SUSTAINED WINDS 65 KTS WITH GUSTS TO 80 KT 64 KT 15NE 20SE 0SW 0NW 50 KT 20NE 30SE 30SW 0NW 34 KT 30 E 60SE 60SW 30NW 12FT SEAS 30NE 60SE 60SW 30NW
ALL QUADRANT RADII IN NAUTICAL MILES FORECAST VALID 19/1800Z 30.2N 87.4W MAX WIND 70 KT…GUSTS 85 KT 64 KT 20NE 20SE 20SW 20NW 50 KT 25NE 30SE 30SW 25NW 34 KT 30NE 75SE 75SW 30NW
CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK (AC) A Convective Outlook (AC) is a national forecast of thunderstorms. There are two forecasts: Day 1 Convective Outlook (first 24 hours) and Day 2 Convective Outlook (next 24 hours). These forecasts describe areas in which there is a slight, moderate, or high risk of severe thunderstorms, as well as areas of general (non-severe) thunderstorms. The severe thunderstorm criteria are: Winds equal to or greater than 50 knots at the surface, or hail equal to or greater than ¾ inch in diameter at the surface, or tornadoes. The Refer to the Convective Outlook Chart (Section 12) for risk definitions. Forecast reasoning is also included in all ACs. Outlooks are produced by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) located in Norman, OK. The times of issuance for Day 1 are 0600Z, 1300Z, 1630Z, 2000Z, and 0100Z.
The initial Day 2 issuance is at 0830Z during standard time and 0730Z during daylight time. It is updated at 1730Z. The AC is a flight planning tool used to avoid thunderstorms.
December 1999 4-42 Example:
MKC AC 291435 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK…REF AFOS NMCGPH94O.
VALID 291500Z-301200Z THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS TO THE RIGHT OF A LINE FROM 10 NE JAX 35 NNW AYS AGS 15 E SPA 30 NE CLT 25 N FAY 30 ESE EWN.
GEN TSTMS ARE FCST TO THE RIGHT OF A LINE FROM 55 ESE YUM 30 NE IGM 15 S CDC 30 SW U24 25 ESE ELY 40 W P38 DRA 50 SW DRA 50 NW NID SAC 30 E ACV 25 E ONP 40 E BLI.
...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM FORECAST DISCUSSION...
.SERN U.S...
COOL FRONT CONTS SC/NC BORDER. VERY MOIST AND UNSTBL AMS ALONG AND S OF FRONT E OF APLCHNS WITH CAPES TO REACH TO 4000 J/KG WITH AFTN HEATING.
ALTHOUGH WIND PROFILES ARE WK...COMB OF FRONTAL CNVGNC COUPLED WITH SEA
BREEZE FRONT WILL INITIATE PULSE SVR TSTMS VCNTY AND S OF FRONT THIS AFTN/EVE. PRIMARY SVR EVENTS WILL BE WET DOWNBURST TO PUSH SWD FROM CNTRL RCKYS EWD TO MID ATLC CST. E OF APLCNS FRONT NOW LCTD VCNTY WND DMG.
...GENERAL THUNDERSTORM FORECAST DISCUSSION...
...GULF CST AREA INTO SRN PLNS...
SFC FNT CURRENTLY LOCATED FM THE CAROLINAS WWD INTO PARTS OF OK WL CONT
TO SAG SLOWLY SWD ACRS THE SRN APLCNS/LWR MS VLY THRU THE REMAINDER OF THE PD. S OF THE BNDRY...A VRY MOIST AMS RMNS IN PLACE AS DWPNTS ARE IN THE MID TO UPR 70S. WHILE SOME CLDNS IS PRESENT ACRS THE AREA...SUF HEATING
SHOULD OCR TO ALLOW FOR MDT TO STG AMS DSTBLZN DURG THE LATE MRNG/ERY AFTN. AS A RESULT...SFC BASED CAPE VALUES SHOULD BE AOA 2000 J/KG THIS AFTN.
BNDRYS FM OVERNIGHT CNVTN AS WELL AS SEA BREEZE CIRCULATIONS SHOULD BE SUF TO INITIATE SCT TO NMRS TSTMS ACRS THE AREA. MID TO UPR LVL FLOW IS RELATIVELY WK...SO THIS SUG ORGANIZED SVR TSTM ACTVTY IS NOT LIKELY.
SEVERE WEATHER WATCH BULLETINS (WWs) and ALERT MESSAGES (AWWs) A Severe Weather Watch Bulletin (WW) defines areas of possible severe thunderstorms or tornado activity. The bulletins are issued by the SPC in Norman, OK. WWs are unscheduled and are issued as required.
A severe thunderstorm watch describes areas of expected severe thunderstorms. (Severe thunderstorm criteria are ¾-inch hail or larger and/or wind gusts of 50 knots [58 mph] or greater.) A tornado watch describes areas where the threat of tornadoes exists.
In order to alert the WFOs, CWSUs, FSSs, and other users, a preliminary notification of a watch called the Alert Severe Weather Watch bulletin (AWW) is sent before the WW. (WFOs know this product as a SAW).
December 1999 4-43 Example of an AWW:
MKC AWW 011734 WW 75 TORNADO TX OK AR 011800Z-020000Z AXIS..80 STATUTE MILES EAST AND WEST OF A LINE..60ESE DAL/DALLAS TX/ - 30 NW
ARG/ WALNUT RIDGE AR/ ..AVIATION COORDS.. 70NM E/W /58W GGG - 25NW ARG/ HAIL SURFACE AND ALOFT..1 ¾ INCHES. WIND GUSTS..70 KNOTS. MAX TOPS TO 450.
MEAN WIND VECTOR 24045.
Soon after the AWW goes out, the actual watch bulletin itself is issued. A WW is in the following format:
1. Type of severe weather watch, watch area, valid time period, type of severe weather possible, watch axis, meaning of a watch, and a statement that persons should be on the lookout for severe weather
2. Other watch information; i.e., references to previous watches
3. Phenomena, intensities, hail size, wind speed (knots), maximum CB tops, and estimated cell movement (mean wind vector)
4. Cause of severe weather
5. Information on updating ACs Example of a WW:
BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED TORNADO WATCH NUMBER 381
STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK 556 PM CDT MON JUN 2 1997
THE STORM PREDICTON CENTER HAS ISSUED A TORNADO WATCH FOR PORTIONS OF
NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO
TEXAS PANHANDLE EFFECTIVE THIS MONDAY NIGHT AND TUESDAY MORNING FROM 630 PM UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT.
TORNADOES…HAIL TO 2 ¾ INCHES IN DIAMETER…THUNDERSTORM WIND GUSTS TO 80 MPH…AND DANGEROUS LIGHTNING ARE POSSIBLE IN THESE AREAS.
THE TORNADO WATCH AREA IS ALONG AND 60 STATUTE MILES NORTH AND SOUTH OF A LINE FROM 50 MILES SOUTHWEST OF RATON NEW MEXICO TO 50 MILES EAST OF AMARILLO TEXAS.
REMEMBER…A TORNADO WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR TORNADOES AND SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH AREA.
PERSONS IN THESE AREAS SHOULD BE ON THE LOOKOUT FOR THREATENING WEATHER CONDITIONS AND LISTEN FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.
OTHER WATCH INFORMATION… CONTINUE…WW 378…WW 379…WW 380 DISCUSSION…THUNDERSTORMS ARE INCREASING OVER NE NM IN MOIST SOUTHEASTERLY UPSLOPE FLOW. OUTFLOW BOUNDARY EXTENDS EASTWARD INTO
THE TEXAS PANHANDLE AND EXPECT STORMS TO MOVE ESE ALONG AND NORTH OF THE BOUNDARY ON THE N EDGE OF THE CAP. VEERING WINDS WITH HEIGHT ALONG WITH INCREASGING MID LVL FLOW INDICATE A THREAT FOR SUPERCELLS.
December 1999 4-44 AVIATION…TORNADOES AND A FEW SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WITH HAIL SURFACE AND ALOFT TO 2 ¾ INCHES. EXTREME TURBULENCE AND SURFACE WIND GUSTS TO 70 KNOTS. A FEW CUMULONIMBI WITH MAXIMUM TOPS TO 550. MEANS STORM MOTION VECTOR 28025.
Status reports are issued as needed to show progress of storms and to delineate areas no longer under the threat of severe storm activity. Cancellation bulletins are issued when it becomes evident that no severe weather will develop or that storms have subsided and are no longer severe.
When tornadoes or severe thunderstorms have developed, the local WFO office will issue the warnings covering those areas.
COASTAL EXTREME SOUTHERN WATERS GEORGIA FLA/GA BORDER ABEA ЕХІНИ ПОЯТИ MORTH FLA CENTRAL FLA SOUTH FLA SOLIN PLA LOWER KEYS L-FLORIDA STRAITS→ EAST TENN SOLE TENN СКІПи на FLA. M. 85° COASTAL WATERS - 100 MILES OUTWARD FROM COAST INDIANA WEST TENN. CMTEL ALA.
N.E. WISC E HER MISS SE MISS. Figure 4-11. Geographical Areas and Terrain Features.
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DESIGNATOR MAP N.W. WISC MO. AKE DE BANKS MISSOURI OZARKS OZARKS [COMMON TERMS USED IN AVIATION WEATHER FORECASTS] UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY MINN SOUTHEAST OASTAL BEND
OKLAHOMA NORTH CENTRAL MISSOURI N DAK. SS DAK. CHTRL NEBRASKA HIGH PLAINS MORTHWEST PAM HANDLE - NORTHWEST PECOS - SOUTHWEST TEX PE EAST OF PECOS
EASTERN PLAINS
FT PECK RESENYDIA MONTANA EXTRM
GREAT BASIN EASTERM MEYADA SH OC THEN • EASTERN SCOP CALE GULE OF SANTA |
COASTAL
December 1999 pRI * GSARDU OMN * SL T * PSB * EWC JST ROD APE† * EKK * CS BEW * LYH A CLI * ATL ZAV LGC + MCN + MGM + ABY + AMB ‚CRG + SRO SVGA AWG * BNA + SOS +4GB * VUZ MSP EAU ODI + DLL + FOD * DSM * * BDF * BVT * МКС • RUM ANG+ DYR + GAG * END A TULARZC 4 FSM A MERT * LIT * TXK, ELD * MLU A JANMEI • FIC • МСВ * BIR Figure 4-12. Inflight Advisory Plotting Chart.
GFK & BJI FAR JESD • ANTONI * ОВН + OVR * SLN • ОКС * MLC * CBS_ SPStADM * DFW * ДСТ * AUS • SAT + YOV * DIK. * BIS * PIR * RAP • BFF *LAYS, SNY * LEF + DEN AKO * GLD HLC * PUB + LAA * GCK +ŁBL * CC + AMA * ДВІ TINK MAF • DLF
• УКС AMLA FCA • GGW * GTF * HLN *LWT DNJ AİKT DLN • MLS • JAC + CZI • TWF * PIH * BOY * DDY * ВРІ * MTU^ * DTA * JNC * DBL * BCE * HVE * ALS • FAN * PGS * TBC • CIM * DRK • INW * ABO *LVS * TCS ¿TUS ¿S50 & DMN • ROW! STEP * FST + MPF BLI * VDC * EPH, dEG * BAM LAT * PHX HAM SEA * EUG, DSD * FMG * OAL • TRM
• OED * RBL • ENI OR SAC • MOD ½ SNS, CZQ.