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• Apply wheel brakes, select reverse thrust as appropriate for the conditions, maintain directional control with aerodynamic controls throughout the landing roll, until the groundspeed allows directional control with rudder pedal steering or nosewheel steering, as appropriate.
• If applicable, the PM should monitor thrust reverser and spoiler deployment and should advise the PF of thrust reverser and spoiler status.
3.10.2 Crosswind Landing Including Crosswind Landing with Gusts.
3.10.2.1 Condition(s):
1. When conducting training or checking in an FSTD, select appropriate weather and environmental conditions, including crosswind with gusts.
2. When conducting training or checking in an airplane in flight, crosswind landing with gusts is required, if practicable under the existing meteorological, airport, and traffic conditions.
3. Per § 121.415(h), landing with the maximum crosswind for the airplane, as specified in the air carrier’s manual, must be trained to proficiency (if practicable for training conducted in an airplane in flight).
3.10.2.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Assess the relationship between the airplane limitation(s), performance data, and any surface contaminant(s).
2. Assess the changing effect of the crosswind component and adjust controls, as required.
3. Comply with the normal landing awareness criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.2.
3.10.2.3 Action Criteria:
1. Maintain positive directional control using an approved means of controlling the effects of the crosswind.
2. Touchdown with the airplane tracking parallel to the RCL. Per part 121 appendix F, maximum bank angle limitations specified in the AFM or air carrier’s manual must not be exceeded.
3. Comply with the normal landing action criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.3.
3.10.3 Landing with Horizontal Stabilizer Out of Trim.
3.10.3.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.10.3.2 Awareness Criteria. Exhibit knowledge of the potential pitch force change during power changes due to the engine placement on the airframe.
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3.10.3.3 Action Criteria:
1. Identify out-of-trim stabilizer.
2. Disengage autoflight, as appropriate.
3. Use alternative methods to control pitch, such as thrust.
4. Comply with stabilizer out-of-trim landing procedures provided in the air carrier’s manual.
5. The PM should be prepared to assist in helping control the pitch force, as necessary.
3.10.4 Landing from an ILS Approach.
3.10.4.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate IMC and environmental conditions.
3.10.4.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Exhibit awareness of landing in sequence from an ILS approach.
2. Comply with normal landing awareness criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.2.
3.10.4.3 Action Criteria. Comply with normal landing action criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.3.
3.10.5 Landing with a Simulated Engine Failure.
3.10.5.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions:
1. Per part 121 appendices E and F, landing in airplanes with two engines must be demonstrated with the simulated failure of one engine.
2. Per part 121 appendices E and F, landing in airplanes with three engines must be demonstrated with the simulated failure of the center and one outboard engine.
3. Per part 121 appendices E and F, landing in airplanes with more than three engines must be demonstrated with the simulated failure of 50 percent of available engines, all on one side of the airplane.
3.10.5.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Monitor the operating engine(s) and make adjustments as necessary.
2. Comply with the normal landing awareness criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.2.
3.10.5.3 Action Criteria:
1. Maneuver with inoperative engine(s) while maintaining coordinated flight by application of rudder, as required to counter asymmetric thrust.
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2. Comply with the normal landing action criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.3.
3. During the landing roll, use reverse thrust with caution for directional control capability under the existing environmental conditions.
3.10.6 Landing from a Circling Approach.
3.10.6.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions:
1. Per part 121 appendices E and F, after reaching the circling minimums, visual references must be used to change heading and maneuver the airplane to maintain a flightpath that permits a normal landing on a runway that requires at least a 90° change of direction, from the final approach course, to align the airplane for landing.
2. If the air carrier’s OpSpecs prohibit a circling approach when the weather is below a 1,000-foot ceiling and 3 miles visibility, the pilot is not required to be trained or checked on a landing from a circling approach. However, to ensure a pilot is adequately trained as required by § 121.415(h), a pilot should be trained on a landing from a circling approach if the air carrier’s OpSpecs authorize circling approach when the weather is above a 1,000-foot ceiling and 3 miles visibility.
3.10.6.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Consider the environmental, operational, and meteorological factors that affect landing from a circling approach.
2. Maintain awareness of the circling maneuvering area and associated visibility criteria for the category of airplane.
3. Comply with the normal landing awareness criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.2.
3.10.6.3 Action Criteria:
1. Avoid descent below the appropriate circling MDA until in a position from which a descent to a normal landing can be made.
2. After reaching the authorized circling approach altitude, maneuver the airplane by visual references within the circling maneuvering area and associated visibility criteria for the category of airplane.
3. Perform the procedure without excessive maneuvering and without exceeding the normal operating limits of the airplane (the angle of bank should not exceed 30°).
4. Maintain the required altitude within −0, +100 feet, required heading/track within ±5°, and the required airspeed/V-speed within ±5 knots.
5. Use the appropriate airplane configuration for normal and abnormal situations and procedures.
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6. Perform all procedures required for the circle-to-land in a smooth, positive, and correct manner.
3.10.7 Zero-Flap Landing.
3.10.7.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions. In certain airplanes, the FAA has determined that the probability of complete flap failure is extremely remote due to system design. For these airplanes, the FAA has determined whether training on slats-only landings or partial-flaps landings is appropriate. Consult the FSB Report for the specific airplane to ascertain the training requirement for zero-flap landing.
3.10.7.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Exhibit knowledge of the factors, which affect the flight characteristics of an airplane when flaps fail.
2. Comply with normal landing awareness criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.2.
3.10.7.3 Action Criteria:
1. Select a runway of sufficient length for a zero- or partial-flap condition.
2. Maintain the proper airplane pitch attitude and flightpath for the configuration, gross weight, and other applicable operational considerations.
3. Use the correct airspeeds/V-speeds for the landing.
4. Comply with normal landing action criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.3.
5. After landing, use spoilers, propeller reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes, and other drag/braking devices, as appropriate, in such a manner to bring the airplane to a safe stop.
Note: “Flaring” the airplane with zero flaps or “over flaring” with partial landing flaps may result in “ballooning” or “floating” prior to touchdown and an unwanted and potentially dangerous extension in the landing distance required to stop the airplane.
3.10.8 Landing with Manual Reversion.
3.10.8.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.10.8.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Recognize the degraded flight control condition.
2. Demonstrate and apply knowledge of the maneuvering capabilities of the airplane in a nonstandard or degraded configuration.
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3.10.8.3 Action Criteria:
1. Select a runway of sufficient length for the degraded flight control condition.
2. Maintain the proper airplane pitch attitude and flightpath for the configuration, gross weight, and other applicable operational considerations.
3. Use the correct airspeeds/V-speeds for the landing.
4. Comply with normal landing action criteria in paragraph 3.10.1.3.
5. After landing, use spoilers, propeller reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes, and other drag/braking devices, as appropriate, in such a manner to bring the airplane to a safe stop.
3.10.9 Rejected Landing.
3.10.9.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions. Per part 121 appendices E and F, this maneuver must be initiated approximately 50 feet above the runway or landing area and approximately over the runway threshold.
3.10.9.2 Awareness Criteria. Exhibit knowledge of a rejected landing procedure, including the conditions that dictate a rejected landing, the importance of a timely decision, LAHSO considerations, the recommended airspeed/V-speeds, and the applicable “clean-up” procedure.
3.10.9.3 Action Criteria:
1. Make a timely decision to reject the landing.
2. Apply the appropriate thrust setting for the flight condition and establish the correct pitch attitude necessary to obtain the desired performance, assuming the airplane may touch down.
3. Establish a positive rate of climb.
4. Retract the wing flaps/drag devices and landing gear, if appropriate, in the correct sequence and at a safe altitude, establishing a positive rate of climb and the appropriate airspeed/V-speed within ±5 knots.
5. Maintain the proper ground track or heading during the rejected landing procedure.
6. Complete the normal missed approach procedure.
3.10.10 Recovery From a Bounced Landing.
3.10.10.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions:
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1. This maneuver should only be conducted during training in an FSTD. This maneuver should not be conducted in an airplane in flight.
2. Air carriers should use caution to ensure the bounce scenario is realistic. If a realistic scenario is infeasible, then the maneuver can instead be taught by the instructor calling “bounce” prior to landing. In either case, pilots should recognize and recover the condition appropriately.
3. Practice to proficiency in training to ensure that the pilot understands, and is able to execute, a recovery from a bounced landing.
4. The recovery technique may vary depending on the airplane type or height reached during the bounce.
3.10.10.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Causes of a bounced landing usually include one or more of the following:
• Excessive sink rate (requiring a rapid flare maneuver, often exceeding the recommended normal landing pitch attitude at touchdown);
• Late flare initiation (not putting the airplane at the normal landing pitch attitude prior to touchdown);
• Incorrect flare technique (i.e., continuing to move the airplane nose up until touchdown occurs, resulting in a higher-than-desired pitch attitude at touchdown; or “pumping” the elevator control through the flare maneuver);
• Excessive airspeed, allowing the airspeed to bleed off during an excessive time held in the flared attitude; and/or
• Touching down with power on, sometimes preventing the automatic extension of ground spoilers, if applicable.
2. Recognize the critical need to keep the airplane under control by maintaining a normal landing pitch attitude for the existing configuration and airspeed.
3.10.10.3 Action Criteria. Generally, for a high bounce, it is not recommended to try to continue the landing, as the remaining runway length may not be sufficient to stop the airplane. It is essential that a go-around is initiated.
1. Ignore the takeoff configuration warning, if any occurs.
2. Maintain the landing gear and flaps configuration.
3. Maintain airplane control by adjusting the elevator controls to ensure a normal landing pitch attitude.
4. Initiate a go-around.
5. Depending on the energy state of the airplane, a subsequent touchdown may occur as the airplane accelerates. With the pitch held at a landing
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6. When reaching the rotation speed, begin a 3° per second rotation rate to achieve the go-around attitude.
7. When safely established in the go-around profile and a positive rate of climb, transition to the go-around task.
3.11 Abnormal Procedures.
3.11.1 General.
3.11.1.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions. Pilots are expected to observe, identify, use the manual and appropriate checklists, and apply systems knowledge only as required to resolve the situation to the safest possible outcome. (Refer to the current edition of AC 120-80, In-Flight Fires, regarding resetting of tripped circuit breakers.)
3.11.1.2 Awareness Criteria. Consider the impact of the abnormal condition on the safety of the flight and on the need to turn back, or continue to destination airport or another suitable airport.
3.11.1.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the abnormal situation.
3. Select the systems and procedures appropriate to the air carrier’s operation:
• Air conditioning;
• Airborne radar devices;
• APU;
• Automatic or other approach aids including HUD and EFVS;
• Autoflight (e.g., autopilot and autothrottle/autothrust);
• Anti-icing and deicing;
• Brakes;
• Communications;
• Doors;
• Electrical power;
• Engine;
• Fire protection;
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• Flaps;
• Flight controls;
• Fuel and oil;
• GPWS, EGPWS, or TAWS;
• Hydraulic power;
• Flight instruments;
• Landing gear;
• Navigation;
• Oxygen;
• Pneumatic;
• Pressurization;
• Propellers;
• Stability augmentation devices;
• Stall warning devices and stall avoidance devices;
• Thrust reversers;
• Warning systems; and
• Any other systems, devices, or aids available.
3.12 Emergency Procedures. Pilots should not “troubleshoot.” They are expected to observe, identify, use the manual and appropriate checklists, and apply systems knowledge only as required to resolve the emergency to the safest possible outcome. (Refer to AC 120-80 regarding resetting of tripped circuit breakers.)
3.12.1 Engine, Heater, Cargo, Compartment, Cabin, Flight Deck, Wing, and Electrical Fires.
3.12.1.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.1.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Recognize the need for emergency descent, diversion, or evacuation, as appropriate.
2. Apply knowledge of fire detection and extinguishing systems, as necessary.
3.12.1.3 Action Criteria:
1. Promptly acknowledge the fire event.
2. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
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3. Direct the use of oxygen and smoke goggles and/or Emergency Vision Assurance System (EVAS) to keep the crew functioning.
4. Establish crew communications.
5. Identify the source of fire, if possible.
6. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the type of fire.
7. Descend, land, and evacuate as quickly as possible.
3.12.2 Smoke Control.
3.12.2.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.2.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Recognize the need for emergency descent, diversion, or evacuation, as appropriate.
2. Apply knowledge of smoke detection systems, as necessary.
3.12.2.3 Action Criteria:
1. Promptly acknowledge the smoke or fumes event.
2. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
3. Direct the use of oxygen and smoke goggles and/or EVAS to keep the crew functioning.
4. Establish crew communications.
5. Identify the source of smoke or fumes, if possible.
6. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the type of smoke or fumes.
7. Descend, land, and evacuate as quickly as possible.
3.12.3 Simulated Engine Failures.
3.12.3.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.3.2 Awareness Criteria. Correctly and safely respond to an engine failure(s), engine fire, severe damage, or separation.
3.12.3.3 Action Criteria:
1. Maintain positive control of the airplane.
2. Do not reduce airspeed unless additional altitude is necessary for the safe continuation of the flight and full thrust on the remaining engine(s) is insufficient to maintain current airspeed during a climb.
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3. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
4. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the type of engine failure, fire, severe damage, or separation.
5. Land as soon as possible.
6. If required, accomplish emergency evacuation.
3.12.4 Fuel Jettisoning.
3.12.4.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.4.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Maintain awareness of airplane altitude and location during fuel jettisoning.
2. Correctly and safely perform fuel jettisoning.
3.12.4.3 Action Criteria:
1. Maintain positive control of the airplane.
2. Maintain proper airspeed and altitude for fuel jettisoning.
3. Notify ATC of fuel jettisoning.
4. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for fuel jettisoning.
5. Maintain fuel balance within limits.
6. After fuel jettisoning is completed, land as soon as possible.
7. Accomplish emergency evacuation, if required.
3.12.5 Rapid Decompression.
3.12.5.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.5.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Promptly acknowledge the rapid decompression event.
2. Consider the altitude of the airplane and the need for an emergency descent or an alternative course of action, including the need for crew or passenger oxygen.
3.12.5.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Direct use of oxygen by crew, as necessary.
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3. Determine whether cabin pressure control can be regained.
4. Establish crew communications.
5. Complete the correct procedure or checklist for the type of rapid decompression.
3.12.6 Emergency Descent.
3.12.6.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.6.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Consider the appropriate configuration and airspeed for descent if airplane damage is known or suspected.
2. Choose an altitude for level off suitable to the terrain and conditions.
3.12.6.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Direct use of oxygen by crew, as necessary.
3. Establish crew communications.
4. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for emergency descent.
5. Notify ATC of emergency descent.
6. Perform emergency descent in a smooth, positive, and correct manner without exceeding limitations.
7. Complete the correct procedure or checklist for emergency descent.
3.12.7 All Other Emergencies.
3.12.7.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.7.2 Awareness Criteria. Maintain focus on the flying task and a safe flightpath.
3.12.7.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Direct use of oxygen by crew, as necessary.
3. Establish crew communications, if necessary.
4. Complete the correct procedure or checklist for the emergency situation.
4-1 CHAPTER 4. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT DRILLS
4.1 Training Equipment. In accordance with § 121.408, training equipment used during airplane emergency equipment training drills must:
1. Meet the form, fit, function, and weight, as appropriate, of the airplane equipment.
2. Replicate the normal operation (and abnormal and emergency operation, if appropriate) of the airplane equipment including the required force, actions, and travel of the equipment and variations in equipment operated by the air carrier, if applicable.
3. Replicate the operation of the airplane equipment under adverse conditions, if appropriate.
4.1.1 Objective. The key objective is that the training equipment reflects the equipment that the pilot would use in normal and/or emergency operations in order to accomplish the learning objectives of the drill.
4.2 Task Organization.
4.2.1 Task Description. The pilot should demonstrate the action criteria under the prescribed conditions. In accordance with § 121.415(h), the air carrier must train pilots in all tasks, procedures, and environments for which they hold operations specification (OpSpec) approval to operate, under all specified conditions.
4.2.1.1 Conditions Included:
1. Environmental conditions and circumstances, including those that compound the difficulty of the task when encountered.
2. Clarifying information about the nature of the task.
4.2.1.2 Action Criteria. Procedures for completing a task, including operations in or near a critical environment, when appropriate. These are steps that are active and generally are completed in an order to achieve the goal of the task.
Provide relevant parameters to reflect satisfactory levels of performance.
4.3 One-Time Performance Drills.
4.3.1 Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE).
4.3.1.1 Condition(s):
1. The pilot will combat an actual or simulated fire using at least one type of hand fire extinguisher that is appropriate for the type of fire being fought, while using the type of installed PBE or approved PBE simulation device.
2. The hand fire extinguisher will be charged, but does not have to contain the actual extinguishing agent.