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1. This maneuver should only be conducted during training in an FSTD. This maneuver should not be conducted in an airplane in flight.
2. Air carriers should use caution to ensure the bounce scenario is realistic. If a realistic scenario is infeasible, then the maneuver can instead be taught by the instructor calling “bounce” prior to landing. In either case, pilots should recognize and recover the condition appropriately.
3. Practice to proficiency in training to ensure that the pilot understands, and is able to execute, a recovery from a bounced landing.
4. The recovery technique may vary depending on the airplane type or height reached during the bounce.
3.10.10.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Causes of a bounced landing usually include one or more of the following:
• Excessive sink rate (requiring a rapid flare maneuver, often exceeding the recommended normal landing pitch attitude at touchdown);
• Late flare initiation (not putting the airplane at the normal landing pitch attitude prior to touchdown);
• Incorrect flare technique (i.e., continuing to move the airplane nose up until touchdown occurs, resulting in a higher-than-desired pitch attitude at touchdown; or “pumping” the elevator control through the flare maneuver);
• Excessive airspeed, allowing the airspeed to bleed off during an excessive time held in the flared attitude; and/or
• Touching down with power on, sometimes preventing the automatic extension of ground spoilers, if applicable.
2. Recognize the critical need to keep the airplane under control by maintaining a normal landing pitch attitude for the existing configuration and airspeed.
3.10.10.3 Action Criteria. Generally, for a high bounce, it is not recommended to try to continue the landing, as the remaining runway length may not be sufficient to stop the airplane. It is essential that a go-around is initiated.
1. Ignore the takeoff configuration warning, if any occurs.
2. Maintain the landing gear and flaps configuration.
3. Maintain airplane control by adjusting the elevator controls to ensure a normal landing pitch attitude.
4. Initiate a go-around.
5. Depending on the energy state of the airplane, a subsequent touchdown may occur as the airplane accelerates. With the pitch held at a landing
3-46 pitch attitude and additional power applied, the severity of this touchdown will be minimized.
6. When reaching the rotation speed, begin a 3° per second rotation rate to achieve the go-around attitude.
7. When safely established in the go-around profile and a positive rate of climb, transition to the go-around task.
3.11 Abnormal Procedures.
3.11.1 General.
3.11.1.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions. Pilots are expected to observe, identify, use the manual and appropriate checklists, and apply systems knowledge only as required to resolve the situation to the safest possible outcome. (Refer to the current edition of AC 120-80, In-Flight Fires, regarding resetting of tripped circuit breakers.)
3.11.1.2 Awareness Criteria. Consider the impact of the abnormal condition on the safety of the flight and on the need to turn back, or continue to destination airport or another suitable airport.
3.11.1.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the abnormal situation.
3. Select the systems and procedures appropriate to the air carrier’s operation:
• Air conditioning;
• Airborne radar devices;
• APU;
• Automatic or other approach aids including HUD and EFVS;
• Autoflight (e.g., autopilot and autothrottle/autothrust);
• Anti-icing and deicing;
• Brakes;
• Communications;
• Doors;
• Electrical power;
• Engine;
• Fire protection;
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• Flaps;
• Flight controls;
• Fuel and oil;
• GPWS, EGPWS, or TAWS;
• Hydraulic power;
• Flight instruments;
• Landing gear;
• Navigation;
• Oxygen;
• Pneumatic;
• Pressurization;
• Propellers;
• Stability augmentation devices;
• Stall warning devices and stall avoidance devices;
• Thrust reversers;
• Warning systems; and
• Any other systems, devices, or aids available.
3.12 Emergency Procedures. Pilots should not “troubleshoot.” They are expected to observe, identify, use the manual and appropriate checklists, and apply systems knowledge only as required to resolve the emergency to the safest possible outcome. (Refer to AC 120-80 regarding resetting of tripped circuit breakers.)
3.12.1 Engine, Heater, Cargo, Compartment, Cabin, Flight Deck, Wing, and Electrical Fires.
3.12.1.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.1.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Recognize the need for emergency descent, diversion, or evacuation, as appropriate.
2. Apply knowledge of fire detection and extinguishing systems, as necessary.
3.12.1.3 Action Criteria:
1. Promptly acknowledge the fire event.
2. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
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3. Direct the use of oxygen and smoke goggles and/or Emergency Vision Assurance System (EVAS) to keep the crew functioning.
4. Establish crew communications.
5. Identify the source of fire, if possible.
6. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the type of fire.
7. Descend, land, and evacuate as quickly as possible.
3.12.2 Smoke Control.
3.12.2.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.2.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Recognize the need for emergency descent, diversion, or evacuation, as appropriate.
2. Apply knowledge of smoke detection systems, as necessary.
3.12.2.3 Action Criteria:
1. Promptly acknowledge the smoke or fumes event.
2. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
3. Direct the use of oxygen and smoke goggles and/or EVAS to keep the crew functioning.
4. Establish crew communications.
5. Identify the source of smoke or fumes, if possible.
6. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the type of smoke or fumes.
7. Descend, land, and evacuate as quickly as possible.
3.12.3 Simulated Engine Failures.
3.12.3.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.3.2 Awareness Criteria. Correctly and safely respond to an engine failure(s), engine fire, severe damage, or separation.
3.12.3.3 Action Criteria:
1. Maintain positive control of the airplane.
2. Do not reduce airspeed unless additional altitude is necessary for the safe continuation of the flight and full thrust on the remaining engine(s) is insufficient to maintain current airspeed during a climb.
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3. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
4. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for the type of engine failure, fire, severe damage, or separation.
5. Land as soon as possible.
6. If required, accomplish emergency evacuation.
3.12.4 Fuel Jettisoning.
3.12.4.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.4.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Maintain awareness of airplane altitude and location during fuel jettisoning.
2. Correctly and safely perform fuel jettisoning.
3.12.4.3 Action Criteria:
1. Maintain positive control of the airplane.
2. Maintain proper airspeed and altitude for fuel jettisoning.
3. Notify ATC of fuel jettisoning.
4. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for fuel jettisoning.
5. Maintain fuel balance within limits.
6. After fuel jettisoning is completed, land as soon as possible.
7. Accomplish emergency evacuation, if required.
3.12.5 Rapid Decompression.
3.12.5.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.5.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Promptly acknowledge the rapid decompression event.
2. Consider the altitude of the airplane and the need for an emergency descent or an alternative course of action, including the need for crew or passenger oxygen.
3.12.5.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Direct use of oxygen by crew, as necessary.
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3. Determine whether cabin pressure control can be regained.
4. Establish crew communications.
5. Complete the correct procedure or checklist for the type of rapid decompression.
3.12.6 Emergency Descent.
3.12.6.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.6.2 Awareness Criteria:
1. Consider the appropriate configuration and airspeed for descent if airplane damage is known or suspected.
2. Choose an altitude for level off suitable to the terrain and conditions.
3.12.6.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Direct use of oxygen by crew, as necessary.
3. Establish crew communications.
4. Initiate the correct procedure or checklist for emergency descent.
5. Notify ATC of emergency descent.
6. Perform emergency descent in a smooth, positive, and correct manner without exceeding limitations.
7. Complete the correct procedure or checklist for emergency descent.
3.12.7 All Other Emergencies.
3.12.7.1 Condition(s). Select appropriate weather and environmental conditions.
3.12.7.2 Awareness Criteria. Maintain focus on the flying task and a safe flightpath.
3.12.7.3 Action Criteria:
1. If appropriate, complete the immediate action (memory) items in proper sequence.
2. Direct use of oxygen by crew, as necessary.
3. Establish crew communications, if necessary.
4. Complete the correct procedure or checklist for the emergency situation.
4-1 CHAPTER 4. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT DRILLS
4.1 Training Equipment. In accordance with § 121.408, training equipment used during airplane emergency equipment training drills must:
1. Meet the form, fit, function, and weight, as appropriate, of the airplane equipment.
2. Replicate the normal operation (and abnormal and emergency operation, if appropriate) of the airplane equipment including the required force, actions, and travel of the equipment and variations in equipment operated by the air carrier, if applicable.
3. Replicate the operation of the airplane equipment under adverse conditions, if appropriate.
4.1.1 Objective. The key objective is that the training equipment reflects the equipment that the pilot would use in normal and/or emergency operations in order to accomplish the learning objectives of the drill.
4.2 Task Organization.
4.2.1 Task Description. The pilot should demonstrate the action criteria under the prescribed conditions. In accordance with § 121.415(h), the air carrier must train pilots in all tasks, procedures, and environments for which they hold operations specification (OpSpec) approval to operate, under all specified conditions.
4.2.1.1 Conditions Included:
1. Environmental conditions and circumstances, including those that compound the difficulty of the task when encountered.
2. Clarifying information about the nature of the task.
4.2.1.2 Action Criteria. Procedures for completing a task, including operations in or near a critical environment, when appropriate. These are steps that are active and generally are completed in an order to achieve the goal of the task.
Provide relevant parameters to reflect satisfactory levels of performance.
4.3 One-Time Performance Drills.
4.3.1 Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE).
4.3.1.1 Condition(s):
1. The pilot will combat an actual or simulated fire using at least one type of hand fire extinguisher that is appropriate for the type of fire being fought, while using the type of installed PBE or approved PBE simulation device.
2. The hand fire extinguisher will be charged, but does not have to contain the actual extinguishing agent.
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4.3.1.2 Action Criteria:
1. Recognize the type of fire.
2. Locate source of fire or smoke.
3. Remove PBE from stowage container and pouch (as appropriate).
4. Don the PBE and activate oxygen in proper sequence (activation of oxygen may be simulated).
5. Verify seal.
6. Select appropriate hand fire extinguisher for the class of fire.
7. Remove fire extinguisher from its bracketing or securing system.
8. Prepare extinguisher for use (e.g., rotate handle to pressurize, break tamper seals, pull pin, and release safety latch).
9. Approach fire or smoke.
10. Combat fire using proper techniques.
11. Operate extinguisher discharge mechanism properly.
12. Aim and discharge extinguisher at the base of the fire using proper discharge pattern, bottle position, and body position.
13. Maintain an appropriate distance from the fire in order to complete the task and maintain personal safety.
14. Be aware of PBE oxygen duration.
15. Be aware of signals that PBE is no longer generating oxygen to wearer.
16. Use protective techniques to back away.
17. Ensure fire is extinguished.
18. Use proper techniques for PBE removal.
19. Properly secure PBE and fire extinguisher.
4.3.2 Firefighting.
4.3.2.1 Condition(s). The pilot will combat an actual fire using at least one type of hand fire extinguisher that is appropriate for the type of fire being fought.
1. The hand fire extinguisher will be charged, but does not have to contain the actual extinguishing agent.
2. This firefighting drill is not required if the pilot performs the PBE drill by combating an actual fire.
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4.3.2.2 Action Criteria. The pilot will complete the following during the drill:
1. Recognize the type of fire.
2. Locate source of fire or smoke.
3. Select appropriate hand fire extinguisher for the class of fire.
4. Remove fire extinguisher from its bracketing or securing system.
5. Prepare extinguisher for use (e.g., rotate handle to pressurize, break tamper seals, pull pin, and release safety latch).
6. Approach fire or smoke.
7. Combat fire using proper techniques.
8. Operate extinguisher discharge mechanism properly.
9. Aim and discharge extinguisher at the base of the fire using proper discharge pattern, bottle position, and body position.
10. Maintain an appropriate distance from the fire in order to complete the task and maintain personal safety.
11. Use protective techniques to back away.
12. Ensure fire is extinguished.
13. Properly secure fire extinguisher.
4.3.3 Emergency Evacuation (Airplane Equipped with Emergency Evacuation Slide(s)).
4.3.3.1 Condition(s). Each pilot will complete an emergency evacuation by egressing the airplane or approved training equipment using at least one type of installed emergency evacuation slide.
4.3.3.2 Action Criteria. The pilot will satisfactorily accomplish the following during the drill:
1. Observe the airplane exit(s) being opened in the emergency mode and the associated emergency evacuation slide or slide-raft being deployed and inflated or perform the tasks resulting in the completion of these actions.
2. Egress the airplane or approved training equipment and descend the slide while using the proper method.
4.4 Recurring Performance Drills.
4.4.1 Emergency Exits.
4.4.1.1 Condition(s). Per § 121.417, the pilot must complete a drill on the operation of each type of emergency exit in the normal and emergency modes, including the actions and forces required in the deployment of the emergency evacuation slide, if applicable.
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4.4.1.2 Action Criteria:
4.4.1.2.1 Normal Operation. The pilot will satisfactorily accomplish the following during the drill:
1. Identify conditions under which each exit should be opened or closed, if appropriate.
2. Assess the exterior and interior conditions for obstacles or hazards to persons or the exit during the opening or closing (e.g., jetway, stairs, and barrier straps).
3. Follow procedure to ensure awareness at armed boarding door prior to airplane pushback (if applicable to the exit).
4. Identify signal for arming and disarming.
5. Coordinate and communicate with other crewmembers.
6. Properly arm and disarm the exit.
7. Verify exit is armed or disarmed, as appropriate for intended operation.
8. Use proper techniques for the operating mechanism (such as handles to open exit and secure in locked position).
9. Install and stow safety strap.
10. Release locking mechanism and properly use control handles to close exit and secure in locked position.
4.4.1.2.2 Emergency Operation. The pilot will satisfactorily accomplish the following during the drill:
1. Position emergency evacuation slide (if applicable).
2. Verify the exit is in the armed or disarmed mode (as appropriate).
3. Identify conditions under which the exit is to be opened in the emergency mode.
4. Use proper voice commands to passengers (as appropriate).
5. Assess conditions outside the exit to determine the exit usability
(e.g., clear of obstruction, fire, and airplane attitude).
6. Open the exit in the armed mode (as applicable) and secure or stow the exit (as applicable) to ensure a fully open and unobstructed exit.
7. Hold onto assist handle (if applicable).
8. As applicable, pull the manual inflation handle(s) and verify deployment, inflation (e.g., emergency evacuation slide or emergency evacuation slide-raft).
9. Maintain appropriate protective body and hand positions.
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10. Follow crew coordination procedures (as appropriate).
11. Access release handle(s) (e.g., slide disconnect, jettison tailcone, and ventral stairs).
12. Recognize when it is appropriate to exit the airplane.
13. Access escape tapes or escape ropes (if applicable).
4.4.2 Fire Extinguishers.
4.4.2.1 Condition(s). Per § 121.417, the pilot must complete a drill on each type of fire extinguisher installed on the airplane. The hand fire extinguisher will be charged, but does not have to contain the actual extinguishing agent.
4.4.2.2 Action Criteria. The pilot will satisfactorily accomplish the following during the drill:
1. Remove fire extinguisher from its bracketing or securing system.
2. Prepare extinguisher for use (e.g., rotate handle to pressurize, break tamper seals, pull pin, and release safety latch).
3. Operate extinguisher discharge mechanism.
4. Aim and discharge extinguisher using proper discharge pattern, bottle position, and body position.
5. Properly secure fire extinguisher.
4.4.3 Emergency Oxygen Systems.
4.4.3.1 Condition(s). This drill will provide the pilot with practice in donning and using the emergency oxygen system, including PBE.
4.4.3.2 Action Criteria. The pilot will satisfactorily accomplish the following during the drill for each type of emergency oxygen system, including PBE:
1. Remove oxygen mask, portable oxygen bottle, or PBE from its bracketing or securing system.
2. Don and activate the oxygen and test for flow, position, seal, and security of the mask or hood to the face or head.
3. Demonstrate proper precautions.
4. Secure the oxygen bottle, canister, or cartridge (as appropriate) and position it to monitor the supply.
5. Demonstrate proper handling techniques if using portable solid state units.
6. Deactivate and stow the oxygen mask, portable oxygen bottle, or PBE.
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4.4.4 Individual Flotation Means.
4.4.4.1 Condition(s). Per § 121.417, the pilot must complete a drill on the donning, use, and inflation of individual flotation means. Individual flotation means include life preservers and other types of approved flotation devices, such as seat cushions.
4.4.4.2 Action Criteria. Each pilot will satisfactorily accomplish the following during the drill for each type of individual flotation means:
4.4.4.2.1 Life Preservers:
1. Remove life preserver from its bracketing or securing system.
2. Don and secure life preserver.
3. Inflate using automatic and manual inflation.
4. Demonstrate proper arm placement and use of the life preserver.
5. Locate, activate, and deactivate locator light.
4.4.4.2.2 Flotation Devices:
1. Remove flotation device from its bracketing or securing system.
2. Don and secure flotation device.
3. Demonstrate proper arm placement and use of the flotation device.
4.4.5 Ditching.
4.4.5.1 Condition(s). A wet training environment is recommended for the ditching drill during initial training. It should be conducted in water with sufficient depth and width under and around the raft or emergency evacuation slide-raft that does not allow participants the ability to touch the bottom or sides of the water containment structure. Raft boarding and subsequent activities should be done in water.
1. A ditching drill in a dry training environment will be conducted on a surface with sufficient space to conduct the drill without interference from nearby objects or structures.
2. Activities prior to raft boarding may be done in a classroom, the airplane, or using approved training equipment.