Page 6 Par 2-2 program and manual, determining the method of performing maintenance, a required inspection list, a Continuous Analysis and Surveillance System (CASS), a maintenance organization that can exercise operational control over maintenance operations, and other items that collectively and systematically serve to ensure each aircraft has been properly maintained for operations in air transportation and is Airworthy.
scheduling of aircraft for the inspections, and for ensuring that discrepancies that occur between scheduled inspections are repaired.
Must determine what maintenance is required, how to do it, when to do it, perform that maintenance, and approve its own aircraft for return to service (RTS). May authorize another person to accomplish the maintenance work, but the maintenance must be carried out according to the air carrier’s maintenance program and manual. The air carrier still retains the responsibility for the proper completion of maintenance (part 121, § 121.363 or part 135, § 135.413).
Must make the airplane available to authorized and certificated person(s) who accomplish inspections and other maintenance.
Along with FAA oversight, is the primary authority with regard to its maintenance program. Holds the primary responsibility for the performance of maintenance in accordance with its maintenance program and manual, as well as the airworthiness of its aircraft, including airframes, aircraft engines, propellers, appliances, and parts thereof.
The authorized and certificated person(s) has the responsibility to perform the maintenance properly in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual and to approve the aircraft for RTS. The owner/operator does not have this responsibility. However, the owner/operator is responsible for ensuring maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance records indicating the aircraft has received approval for RTS.
Par 3-1 Page 7 CHAPTER 3. AIR CARRIER MAINTENANCE MANUAL
3-1. AIR CARRIER MAINTENANCE MANUAL REQUIREMENT.
a. Maintenance Manuals. Our regulations (§§ 121.133, 121.369, 135.21, and 135.427) require you to have a maintenance manual. It is a required part of your air carrier manual system.
Some air carriers call their manuals “specifications.” Some use other terms.
b. Revising Maintenance Manuals. Your maintenance manual must be easy to revise and have procedures for keeping all parts of your manual up to date. Your manual may be electronic or in another form.
c. Availability. You must make copies of your manual, or appropriate portions of it, available to those persons required to comply with it, including any changes or additions. Each person, including us, who you furnish a manual or appropriate parts to, must keep it up to date.
d. Other Related Regulations. Other regulations that relate to your manual requirements are part 43, § 43.13(c), and §§ 121.135, 121.137, 135.23, and 135.427.
3-2. ROLE OF YOUR AIR CARRIER MAINTENANCE MANUAL.
a. Standardization. Your maintenance manual is your key to standardized, consistent accomplishment and administration of your maintenance program. Your maintenance manual:
(1) Identifies, describes, and defines your maintenance program, and
(2) Provides instructions and procedures to administer, use, manage, and amend your program.
b. Organization and Format. Your maintenance manual is a company publication, and you have sole responsibility for its organization and content; however, others may compile and publish it for you. Your maintenance manual may be electronic.
c. Contract Maintenance. Air carriers normally write their manual to address their employees. However, if the air carrier chooses to use another person to perform maintenance for it, the air carrier must ensure their manual requirements address the use of the other person.
3-3. MAJOR SECTIONS OF THE TYPICAL AIR CARRIER MAINTENANCE MANUAL. Your maintenance manual should have a practical organization. Typically, it will have at least three sections: the first covering administrative policies and procedures; a second covering detailed instructions for the administration, management, and accomplishment of the elements of your maintenance program; and a third covering technical data that describes maintenance standards, methods, techniques, and procedures.
a. Administrative Policies and Procedures. The primary function of this part of your manual is as a management and administrative tool for organizing, directing, amending, and controlling your maintenance program. Usually, you will place organizational charts delineating the functions, relationships, and lines of authority between your organizational elements and
Page 8 Par 3-3 personnel here. You may list position descriptions, duties, responsibilities, and specific authority and responsibility attributes for each position within your maintenance organization here. The authority and responsibility attributes that you place here should show who has overall authority and/or responsibility and who has direct authority and/or responsibility for given functions.
b. Instructions for the Administration, Management, and Accomplishment of the Maintenance Program.
(1) This section contains detailed instructions for your management of the various functions and interrelationships of each maintenance program element, such as maintenance time limitations, recordkeeping, airworthiness directive management, maintenance program management and oversight, contract maintenance management and oversight, and personnel training. This section usually includes a description of your scheduled maintenance tasks, procedural information, and detailed instructions, or specific air carrier maintenance manual references for accomplishing your maintenance tasks. Additionally, you should describe criteria for initiating functional evaluation flights in this part of the maintenance manual, along with procedural requirements for them. In this portion of your manual, you should also include criteria and procedural information for unscheduled inspections, such as those associated with lightning strikes, tail strikes, engine temperature exceedance, hazardous material (hazmat) spills, hard or overweight landings, and any very high-load event.
(2) You should have a comprehensive process in the unscheduled maintenance portion of your manual that addresses those rare, extremely high-load events that occur to aircraft.
Specifically, you should have inspection processes that you should use following certain high-load events. These particular high-load events are those for which the subsequent inspection process might benefit from the use of flight data. You should consider the events listed below as most significant:
(a) Flight Events.
• A severe turbulence encounter,
• Extreme maneuvers,
• Exceedance of speed limitations, and
• Heavy stall buffet.
(b) Ground Events.
• Hard landings,
• Overweight landings, and
• Drift landings resulting in excessive side/drag load.
(3) Typically, the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) will include detailed inspection instructions that you should follow following these high-load events. The objective of these instructions is to detect aircraft damage following an in-service flight or ground event.
While there are many conditions that can result in high-loads on the airframe and subsequent structural damage, we consider the use of flight data in your inspection process to be particularly beneficial for the events identified above.
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(4) Your processes for evaluating these events should address:
(a) An appropriate indication that an event has occurred,
(b) An evaluation of the severity of the event, and
(c) Coordination with the manufacturer, as appropriate. Your special inspection procedures for high-load events should be robust enough to:
• Identify that a very high-load event has occurred,
• Assure that indications of structural damage are found in an initial inspection,
• Involve the OEM if necessary,
• Provide a process for additional inspections that are designed to identify all of the structural damage, and
• Provide a process for approval for return to service (RTS).
c. Technical Data that Describe Maintenance Standards, Methods, Techniques, and Procedures.
(1) Accomplishing Specific Tasks. This section of your manual concerns detailed procedures for accomplishing specific tasks. You should describe methods, techniques, technical standards, measurements, calibration standards, operational tests, structural repairs, etc., in this section. You should also include procedures for aircraft Weight and Balance (W&B), jacking, lifting and shoring, storage, cold weather operations, towing, aircraft taxi, and aircraft cleaning.
You can derive your maintenance manual contents from the manufacturer’s publications.
However, based on your particular service experience, organization, and operating context, the FAA expects you to continuously modify and customize your maintenance manual as necessary for the continuing success of your maintenance program. This is one of the desired outcomes of a well-functioning CASS, which we explain in more detail in Chapter 11, Continuing Analysis and Surveillance System, and in the current edition of AC 120-79, Developing and Implementing a Continuing Analysis and Surveillance System.
(2) Airworthiness Directives (AD). You are required to accomplish the provisions of ADs that we issue by 14 CFR part 39. While not specifically required by any regulation, you should also include in your manual a process for managing ADs (i.e., evaluating, accomplishing, and verifying ADs). Your AD management process, as described in the current edition of AC 39-9, Airworthiness Directives Management Process, should include the following six elements: planning, support, provisioning, implementing, recording, and auditing. You may not operate your aircraft that an AD applies to except in strict compliance with the provisions of the AD. So it is extremely important that you include in your AD process provisions that ensure that:
you review ADs for applicability to your aircraft; you accomplish the requirements of the AD within the timeframe specified in the AD; you keep records of the accomplishment and current status of each AD that applies to your aircraft; and you ensure that any subsequent maintenance or alteration to your aircraft does not remove the maintenance or alteration that was mandated by the AD. If you do subsequently remove the AD-mandated maintenance or alteration, you will be in violation of part 39 and may introduce an unsafe condition in your airplane. It would also
Page 10 Par 3-3 make the required records for that particular AD inaccurate. If you determine that an alternative method of compliance (AMOC) with an AD is necessary, you should refer to the current edition of FAA Order 8110.103, Alternative Methods of Compliance (AMOC). With regard to AD recordkeeping, Chapter 8, Maintenance Recordkeeping System, contains detailed information that deals with your maintenance recordkeeping system.
d. Work Cards. Work cards, sometimes referred to as job cards or task cards, while not a specific regulatory requirement, have evolved as a best practice. We consider work cards to be part of your air carrier manual and the air carrier maintenance program. They are the “what to do” and the “how to do it” parts of your maintenance program. You use work cards as a simple means of complying with maintenance performance and recordkeeping regulations. Your work cards provide a control element to the performance of maintenance. They also provide the means of ensuring that all maintenance personnel comply with your air carrier maintenance manual. It is an easy way for you to make sure that your maintenance personnel, as well as other personnel, are following your procedures. The second primary function is to document maintenance activities, providing a means for you to comply with your air carrier maintenance recordkeeping requirements. Work cards may also document the results of inspections, checks, and tests for data collection and analysis. The work-in-progress audits that you conduct regarding work card activity as part of your CASS ensure that each individual who accomplishes work on your aircraft is following your manual.
Par 4-1 Page 11 CHAPTER 4. AIR CARRIER MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION
4-1. MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION—GENERAL. Your maintenance organization must be able to perform, supervise, manage, and amend your program; manage and guide your maintenance personnel; and provide the direction necessary to achieve your maintenance program objectives. Our regulations require you to include a chart or a description of your maintenance organization in your manual. You can read about maintenance organization requirements in part 121 subpart L, part 135 subpart J, and portions of part 119 subpart C. These organizational regulations apply to your organization, as well as any other organization that provides maintenance services for you. A chart is a good way to show your assignment of overall and direct authorities and responsibilities.
4-2. REQUIRED MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT POSITIONS.
Section 119.65 includes specific requirements for maintenance management positions for operations under part 121. These are a Director of Maintenance (DOM) and a chief inspector, or equivalent positions. These are management positions required by the regulations. However, you may need more management positions to administer and manage your maintenance organization.
a. Part 121 and 135 Required Positions. For operations conducted under part 121, § 119.65 requires you to have qualified individuals serving full-time in the DOM and chief inspector, or equivalent, positions. If necessary for your operation, you can ask the FAA for a deviation from the types and numbers of required part 121 or 135 management positions.
b. Chief Inspector. For operations conducted under part 135, § 119.69 requires you to have a qualified individual serving in the DOM management position. There is no regulatory requirement for a part 135 chief inspector management position. However, in a practical sense, you will have an individual in your part 135 maintenance organization who has direct responsibility for the RII function, as well as those other duties, responsibilities, and functions normally associated with a part 121 chief inspector.
c. Management Personnel. The regulations require you to state the duties, responsibilities, and authority of each of your management personnel in your manual. You should state who has overall authority and/or responsibility, and who has direct authority and/or responsibility for a given process. Also, you must notify the FAA when you make changes in your part 119-required management personnel or when you have a vacancy in one of those positions.
NOTE: “Authority” means the power to design or change fundamental policy or procedures without having to seek higher level approval. Authority is permission; it is a right coupled with an autonomous power to accomplish certain acts or order others to act. Often one person grants another authority to act, such as an employer to an employee, a corporation to its officers, or a governmental empowerment to perform certain functions.
NOTE: “Responsibility” means the obligation to ensure a task or function is successfully carried out. Responsibility includes accountability for the action to carry out a task or function.
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4-3. REQUIRED AIR CARRIER MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE.
a. Structure. We wrote the regulations defining an air carrier maintenance organization necessarily broad given the different types and sizes of air carriers. A single means of compliance or a single organizational chart that would apply to all the different types and sizes of air carrier organizations is not possible.
b. Accountable Manager. You should designate an individual or position as the accountable manager with the authority and the overall responsibility for managing and implementing your entire maintenance program, including all inspection functions. The individual you designate must meet the qualifications for the Director of Maintenance listed in § 119.67(c) or § 119.71(e), as applicable. The inspection functions and the required inspection functions are part of your maintenance program.
c. Organizational Functions. The FAA recommends your maintenance organization have three general organizational functions to ensure that you conduct all operations to the highest possible degree of safety. If you are a larger organization, you may have different departments for each level, while in the smallest organizations, you may carry out these functions through one or two individuals, maybe as a collateral duty. Generally, these three organizational functional levels include:
(1) Mechanics and/or inspectors performing the work at the first level (operations);
(2) Middle managers and supervisors at the second level (tactics); and
(3) The maintenance program accountable manager at the third level (strategy).
d. Authority and Responsibility. We expect you to assign clear authority and responsibility in your maintenance organization, including delegated responsibility, for the overall maintenance program and all of its elements and functions. You should include a position description that includes each position’s duties and responsibilities in your manual so that there is not a fragmented organizational system with a high risk for confusion over who is responsible for a given element, process, or task. Watch out for hidden duties and responsibilities where the duty and/or responsibility is shown in a process but not in the position description.
4-4. SEPARATION OF INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENTS.
a. Regulatory Requirements.
(1) If you perform maintenance (other than required inspections), §§ 121.365(a) and 135.423(a) require you to have an organization that is adequate to perform maintenance work. Additionally, if you perform required inspections, §§ 121.365(b) and 135.423(b) require you to have an organization that is adequate to perform required inspection work.
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(2) Don’t confuse your maintenance production department with your maintenance organization. Also, don’t confuse your inspection department, if you have one, with your required inspection organization. We have defined “maintenance” in § 1.1 as “inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and the replacement of parts, but excluding preventive maintenance.” We do not define required inspection in § 1.1. However, within the context of parts 121 and 135, the term “required inspection” has a very specific regulatory meaning and should not be confused with the general use of the word “inspection” throughout the regulations.
(3) While there is no regulatory requirement to separate the maintenance organization from the required inspection organization, there is a requirement when performing both maintenance and required inspection work to organize the performance of those functions so as to separate the maintenance function from the required inspection function.
b. Organization. Regulations require you to organize the performance of all maintenance functions, including inspection, repair, overhaul, and the replacement of parts, to separate the function of required inspections from the function of the other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration activities. This organizational separation must be below the level of administrative control where you exercise overall responsibility for the required inspection functions as well as the other maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration functions.
Consistent with subparagraph 4-3b, your accountable manager exercises overall authority and responsibility over the required inspection functions, as well as the other maintenance (including inspection), preventive maintenance, and alteration functions. Refer to Figure 4-1, Maintenance Organizational Chart, for a representative organizational chart.
FIGURE 4-1. MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Maintenance Organization Accountable Manager Overall authority and responsibility for both RII and other maintenance and alteration functions Maintenance Department Responsible Manager Direct responsibility for maintenance, preventive maintenance and alteration functions Required Inspection Organization Responsible Manager Direct responsibility for RI functions Mechanic RII Inspectors Page 14 Par 4-4
Par 5-1 Page 15 CHAPTER 5. ACCOMPLISHMENT AND APPROVAL OF MAINTENANCE AND
ALTERATIONS
5-1. ACCOMPLISHMENT OF MAINTENANCE.
a. Authority To Perform Maintenance. As a maintenance entity, you have authorization under §§ 43.3(f), 43.7(e), 121.379, and 135.437 to perform maintenance on your own air carrier aircraft and to approve them for RTS without obtaining any other maintenance certification. In addition, §§ 121.379 and 135.437 provide clear authority for you, under your air carrier certificate, to perform maintenance on behalf of other air carriers who conduct operations under the same part as you do.
b. Certificate Requirements.
(1) Each individual who makes an airworthiness determination on your behalf must hold an appropriate airman’s certificate. Sections 121.378 and 135.435 require that any individual who you put directly in charge of performing maintenance hold an airman certificate.
Section 121.371 requires that any individual that you authorize to perform RII for you hold an appropriate airman certificate. Section 121.709 requires that anyone who you authorize to issue an approval for RTS hold an appropriate airman’s certificate. Your DOM and chief inspector must hold an airman’s certificate with Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) ratings.
NOTE: The certificate requirements contained in the regulations stated above are directed at the air carrier. The certificated airman acting in this position does not exercise the authority or privileges of his or her certificate.
(2) You accomplish all maintenance and approval for RTS on your aircraft under your air carrier certificate by your maintenance organization or persons authorized by you, not by any individual or organization under their own individual certificate. There is, however, one exception to the individual airman certificate requirement. It occurs if you arrange for a certificated repair station (CRS) located outside the United States to perform maintenance. At such repair stations, individuals directly in charge of performing maintenance or required inspections are not required to hold an FAA airman certificate.
5-2. MAJOR REPAIRS AND ALTERATIONS. Under §§ 121.379(b) and 135.437(b), major repairs and alterations must be done in accordance with technical data approved by the FAA.
Part 43, appendix A, contains a list of repairs and alterations that are considered to be major.
Exclusive reliance on the part 43, appendix A, list of major repairs and alterations to make the major/minor classification might result in the misclassification of some repairs and alterations because the part 43, appendix A, list does not include evolving airplane design and construction techniques such as composite structures and the high-speed, high-altitude pressurized jet transport. You should have detailed major/minor classification procedures in your manual to evaluate each repair or alteration on a case-by-case basis using such factors as the certification basis of the aircraft; classification of the structure as primary, secondary, or a primary structural element; or classification as a fail-safe, safe-life, or damage-tolerant structure.
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5-3. AIRWORTHINESS RELEASE FORM OR AIRCRAFT LOG ENTRY AND APPROVAL FOR RTS. After performing any maintenance on your airplane, you must approve it for RTS before you may operate it. As an air carrier, you must issue an approval for RTS under § 121.709 or § 135.443, as appropriate. You can read additional, more detailed information about the process for approving your airplanes for RTS in Chapter 8.
5-4. SCOPE OF MAINTENANCE. You must provide instructions in your maintenance program and maintenance manual for maintenance and alterations. These instructions should address the areas of what to do, when to do it, how to do it, and was it done properly. The three major areas to consider are scheduled maintenance, unscheduled maintenance, and specific maintenance requirements for major components of the aircraft.
a. Scheduled Maintenance. Scheduled maintenance consists of all the individual maintenance tasks performed according to the maintenance time limitations, also called a maintenance schedule. Your scheduled maintenance activities should include procedural instructions for the maintenance tasks and procedures for recording the results of the inspections, checks, tests, and other maintenance. Your procedures should also provide for time-related activities such as recurring ADs, Certification Maintenance Requirements (CMR), and life-limited parts retirement.
b. Unscheduled Maintenance. Unscheduled maintenance includes procedures, instructions, and standards for maintenance that occurs on an unscheduled or unforeseen basis. A need for unscheduled maintenance may result from scheduled maintenance tasks, pilot reports, or unforeseen events, such as high-load events, hard or overweight landings, tail strikes, ground damage, lightning strikes, or an engine over-temperature. In your maintenance manual, you should include instructions and standards for accomplishing and recording unscheduled maintenance.
c. Specific Maintenance Requirements for Major Aircraft Components.
(1) Engine Maintenance Program. Your engine maintenance program should cover the maintenance of installed engines and off-wing engines for each engine model you operate. If your aircraft has auxiliary power units (APU), you may want to include APU maintenance as part of your engine maintenance program. Usually, the installed engine or APU requirements will be contained in the maintenance schedule. In addition to procedural information, the off-wing program described in your maintenance manual should provide shop scheduling information or intervals for cleaning, adjusting, inspecting, testing, and lubricating each part of the engine or APU. You should include in your maintenance manual the degree of inspection, the applicable wear tolerances, and the work required when the engine or APU is in the shop.
(2) Propeller Maintenance Program. If applicable, your propeller maintenance program should cover the maintenance of installed propellers and off-wing propellers for each model you operate. Usually, the installed propeller system scheduled maintenance requirements will be contained in the maintenance schedule. In addition to procedural information, the off-wing program described in your manual should provide shop scheduling information or intervals for cleaning, inspecting, adjusting, testing, and lubricating each part of the propeller system requiring that maintenance. You should include in your maintenance manual the degree
Par 5-4 Page 17 (and 18) of inspection, the applicable wear tolerances, and the work required at these periods. Some modern propellers are constructed of composite materials and, therefore, may require unique tools, repair procedures, and specialized training for your maintenance personnel.
5-5. PARTS AND APPLIANCES MAINTENANCE PROGRAM. For the most part, this section of your maintenance program covers shop operations, which may include both scheduled and unscheduled tasks. You may conduct these shop operations at some location other than where you perform maintenance on your aircraft. Your parts and appliance maintenance program should cover both installed parts and appliances and off-wing maintenance for each part and appliance model that you operate. Usually, the scheduled maintenance requirements for installed parts and appliances will be contained in the maintenance schedule. In addition to procedural information, the off-wing program described in your maintenance manual should provide shop scheduling information or intervals for cleaning, adjusting, inspecting, testing, and lubricating each component of the part and appliance requiring that maintenance. Include in your maintenance manual the degree of inspection, the applicable wear tolerances, and the work required when the part or appliance is in the shop.