Appendix 1
• Intensity of turbulence expected,
• Methodology for communicating to the cabin the onset or worsening of turbulence,
e.g., cabin interphone or public address (PA),
• Phraseology for the cabin crew to communicate the severity of turbulence, and
• Expected duration of the turbulence and how an “all-clear” will be communicated.
c. Utilize a positive signal of when cabin crew may commence their duties after takeoff and when they should be seated and secured prior to landing.
d. Passengers will be informed of routine turbulence via the PA system. Do not rely on the seatbelt sign alone.
e. Cabin crew will be informed of routine turbulence via the interphone.
f. If at any time the cabin crew experiences uncomfortable turbulence without notice from the flight crew, they must immediately take their seats and inform the flightcrew.
g. All service items must be properly stowed and secured when not in use.
7. TURBULENCE ONSET CATEGORIES AND INJURY AVOIDANCE ACTIONS.
a. Expected Turbulence. Advance notice exists for the captain to brief the cabin crew either prior to the flight or in-flight via the interphone.
(1) The captain can thoroughly brief the cabin crew on the expected turbulence level and its duration.
(2) Clearly articulate expectations from the cabin crew and request confirmation of completed actions.
(3) Instruct the cabin crew to immediately and plainly report any deviations from the expected turbulence level.
(4) Develop a method to inform the cabin crew of the completion of the turbulence event.
b. Little Warning. Sufficient warning exists to seat the passengers and for the cabin crew to perform their duties.
(1) The captain turns on seatbelt sign and makes a PA announcement, “F/As stow your service items and take your seats. Passengers please remain seated until this area of turbulence has passed and I have cleared you to move about the cabin.”
(2) Cabin crew stows all applicable service items, performs cabin compliance check, and secures themselves in their jump seats.
(3) Lead F/A informs captain of the completion of these items.
Appendix 1
(4) When conditions improve, captain uses the PA system to advise the cabin crew that they may resume their duties and whether or not the passengers may move about the cabin.
c. Imminent Turbulence or Turbulence Occurring. Sudden, unexpected or imminent turbulence requiring immediate action to protect cabin crew and passengers.
(1) Captain turns on seatbelt sign and makes a PA announcement, “F/As and passengers be seated immediately. Passengers please remain seated until this area of turbulence has passed and I have cleared you to move about the cabin.”
(2) Cabin crew take first available seat and secure themselves.
(3) No compliance checks are performed and items are secured only if they present no delay in securing a person in a seat.
(4) When conditions improve, captain makes PA announcement advising the cabin crew that they may resume their duties and whether or not the passengers may move about the cabin.
1/19/06
AC 120-88A Appendix 2 Page 1 (and 2) APPENDIX 2. USAF PRACTICES TO AVOID THUNDERSTORMS AND
ATTENDANT TURBULENCE
1. The practices shown below are excerpted from the United States Air Force Flight Publications for pilots of the Air Mobility Command (AMC).
2. Many of the airplanes operated by the AMC compare closely to the transport category airplanes operated by U.S. air carriers under 14 CFR part 121 in respect to size, weight, and other characteristics. Practices effective in AMC operations are often effective in commercial (air carrier) operations, and vice versa.
3. The following practices have been developed by the Air Force for the AMC pilots as measures to prevent thunderstorm penetrations and to mitigate effects of proximate thunderstorms, especially loss of control and turbulence that might cause injuries.
4. These practices are reprinted here for reference by managers and trainers of pilots operating transport category airplanes in commercial aviation, especially those carrying passengers and F/As under 14 CFR part 121. These practices are comprised of clear and objective criteria to facilitate recognition of cues associated with severe convective activity and guidance to improve flightcrew decisionmaking.
During flight, use any means available to avoid thunderstorms by at least:
• 20 nautical miles [at or above flight level (FL) 230]
• 10 nautical miles below FL 230, in order to minimize exposure to thunderstorm hazards when approaching or departing an airport in an area where thunderstorms are occurring or are forecast
• Attempt to maintain visual meteorological conditions (VMC)
• Maintain at least 5 nautical miles separation from heavy rain showers
• Avoid areas of high lightning potential, i.e., clouds within ± 5,000 feet of the freezing level NOTE: Approaches or departures may be accomplished when thunderstorms are within 10 nautical miles. The thunderstorms must not be producing hazardous conditions (such as hail, lightning, strong winds, gust fronts, heavy rain wind shear, or microburst) at the airport, and must not be forecast or observed to be moving in the direction of the route of flight (to include the planned missed approach corridor, if applicable).
Appendix 3
AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX 33.. GGRRAAPPHHIICCAALL DDEEPPIICCTTIIOONN OOFF SSOOMMEE OOFF TTHHEE DDAATTAA
UUSSEEDD IINN TTHHIISS AACC
TTuurrbbuulleennccee AAcccciiddeennttss PPeerr MMiilllliioonn DDeeppaarrttuurreess UU..SS.. AAiirr CCaarrrriieerrss,, 11998822--22000033
The increase in accidents and injuries cannot be explained only by volume.
The controlling factor might be load factors.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03
Appendix 3
AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX 33.. GGRRAAPPHHIICCAALL DDEEPPIICCTTIIOONN OOFF SSOOMMEE OOFF TTHHEE DDAATTAA UUSSEEDD IINN TTHHIISS AACC ((CCoonnttiinnuueedd))
TTuurrbbuulleennccee AAcccciiddeennttss PPeerr MMiilllliioonn DDeeppaarrttuurreess UU..SS.. AAiirr CCaarrrriieerrss,, 11998822--22000033
The increase in accidents and injuries cannot be explained only by volume.
The controlling factor might be load factors.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 Page 2