Appendix 4 A4-12. Demonstrat ing True Track Angle/True Track Angle Validity.
a. The true track angle/true track validity parameter is intended as a non-critical, optional parameter for airport surface operations. Since most GNSS position sources output some type of track information even during ground operations, it is recommended that GNSS manufacturers output ground track angle as the information can be useful for non-critical ADS B surface applications. The concern is that below a certain velocity the ground track information becomes invalid, and the velocity at which this occurs is dependent upon the specific GNSS equipment design. GNSS/ADS-B integrations at the aircraft level must stop broadcasting ground track when the GNSS ground track information becomes invalid.
Note: It is possible that future ADS-B surface applications may be defined for critical functions. More stringent GNSS performance requirements and tests than what is described below will have to be developed if and when these new surface applications are defined.
b. GNSS equipment not providing a valid ground track.
GNSS manufacturers may choose to not have their equipment provide a ground track output acceptable for the ADS-B true track angle/true track validity parameter. GNSS manufacturers choosing this option need to include a statement within the equipment limitations section that the ground track information must not be used for ADS-B surface applications.
c. GNSS equipment providing a valid ground track for the true track angle/true track validity parameter.
(1) Appendix H in both RTCA/DO-229D and RTCA/DO-316 provides a recommended output for true ground track angle (ARINC 743 all revisions label 103) for those using ARINC 429 characteristics.
(2) GNSS manufacturers must indicate at what velocity the GNSS track angle 95% accuracy (derived from north/east velocity) exceeds eight degrees variance from the aircraft’s actual ground track. GNSS manufacturers must provide this data within the equipment installation instructions for the GNSS/ADS-B integrator.
(3) Optimally, the GNSS equipment will either invalidate or stop outputting the ground track information when it is no longer valid. If the sensor outputs a validity indicator for the velocity, it is sufficient to simply flag the output as invalid if the track accuracy exceeds eight degrees (95%). The GNSS manufacturer must provide information in the installation instructions describing how the sensor outputs the validity indicator if one is provided.
Alternately, it is acceptable for the GNSS manufacturer to state in the installation instructions that the track angle does not meet the required accuracy below a specified velocity and indicate the minimum acceptable velocity.
(4) GNSS manufacturers developing data for the minimum valid velocity should consider the following assumptions:
A4-11
Appendix 4
• Surface message is used during taxi, takeoff, and landing ground applications.
• Surface taxi speed is less than 50 knots.
• No turns; only along-track acceleration (0.58g) and jerk (0.25 g/sec).
• Track angle validity is only an issue at taxi speeds.
• Use the GNSS noise environment defined in the velocity test (paragraphs A4-3 through A4-8), or for sensors not originally certified to the latest noise environment standards, use a reduced environmental noise level as described in paragraphs A4-2.d(3) and A4-2d.(4).
A4-12
Appendix 5 Appendix 5. Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual Supplement.
A5-1. Introduction.
a. The intent of this appendix is to provide general guidance for creating an AFM(S)/RFM(S). The information and structure below are not intended to cover all possible aircraft integrations or equipment capabilities and should not be construed to limit the content included in an AFM(S)/RFM(S). Actual AFM(S)/RFM(S) language and structure must be tailored to the actual installation, equipment capabilities, and limitations. AC 25.1581-1 provides flight manual guidance information for transport category airplanes.
b. Section A5-2 contains an example AFM(S)/RFM(S) entry describing operations limitations for the aircraft PBN capabilities and qualification basis that provides easy reference for flightcrews. This is just an example and is not intended as a required format. But, the example could be used as a general template by applicants, modified as needed, when constructing their AFM(S)/RFM(S).
A5-1
_____________________ Appendix 5 Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA
FAA APPROVED AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL SUPPLEMENT
ABC MODEL XXX NAVIGATION AND/OR BARO-VNAV SYSTEM
AIRPLANE MAKE:
AIRPLANE MODEL:
AIRPLANE SERIAL NO.:
REGISTRATION NO.:
This document must be carried in the airplane at all times. It describes the operating proced ures for the ABC Model XXX navigation and/or baro-VNAV system when it has been installed in accordance with <manufacturer's installation manual number and date>.
For airplanes with an FAA approved airplane flight manual, this document serves as the FAA approved ABC Model XXX GPS, RNAV multi-sensor system, and/or baro-VNAV flight manual supplement. For airplanes that do not have an approved flight manual, this document serves as the FAA approved ABC Model XXX supplemental flight manual.
The information contained herein supplements or supersedes the basic airplane flight manual dated <insert date> only in those areas listed herein. For limitations, procedures, and performance information not contained in this document, consult the basic airplane flight manual.
FAA APPROVED Title Office Federal Aviation Administration City, State FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-2
Appendix 5 Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Continued) Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA Table of Contents
SectionPage
1 General.............................................< > 2 Limitations........................................< > 3 Emergency/Abnormal Procedures....< > 4 Normal Procedures...........................< > 5 Performance......................................< > 6 Weight and Balance..........................< > 7 System Description...........................< > FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-3
Appendix 5 Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Continued) Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA SECTION 1 - GENERAL <Include the appropriate statement to describe the equipment capability:> TSO-C115<revision b or later>: The installed ABC system complies with AC 20-138D for IFR navigation using multi-sensor inputs including GPS for enroute, terminal area, and approach RNP operations (as appropriate). <include appropriate GPS TSO statement below as applicable> GPS TSO-C129<appropriate revision>: The installed ABC system complies with AC 20-138D for IFR navigation using GPS for enroute, terminal area, and non-precision approach operations. Non-precision approach operations include those based on conventional navigation aids with “or GPS” in the title and those with “GPS” and “RNAV(GPS)” in the title to “LNAV” minimums.
GPS/SBAS TSO-C145 or C146<appropriate revision> Class 3: The installed ABC equipment complies with AC 20-138D for navigation using GPS and GPS/SBAS (within the coverage of a satellite-based augmentation system complying with ICAO Annex 10) for enroute, terminal area, non-precision approach, and approach procedures with vertical guidance operations.
Non-precision approach operations include those based on conventional navigation aids with “or GPS” in the title and those with “GPS” and “RNAV(GPS)” in the title to “LNAV” and “LP” minimums. Approach procedures with vertical guidance includes “RNAV(GPS) to “LNAV/VNAV” and “LPV” minimums.
Note 1: TSO-C145a/C146a Class 3 equipment is not required to perform LP approaches.
Note 2: Functional Class Delta equipment is an “ILS look-alike” that only provides LP/LPV capability on the final approach segment.
GPS/SBAS TSO-C145 or C146<appropriate revision> Class 2: The installed ABC equipment complies with AC 20-138D for navigation using GPS and GPS/SBAS (within the coverage of a satellite-based augmentation system complying with ICAO Annex 10) for enroute, terminal area, non-precision approach, and approach procedures with vertical guidance operations.
Non-precision approach operations include those based on conventional navigation aids with “or GPS” in the title and those with “GPS” and “RNAV(GPS)” in the title to “LNAV” FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-4
Appendix 5 Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Continued) Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA minimums. Approach procedures with vertical guidance includes “RNAV(GPS) to “LNAV/VNAV” minimums.
GPS/SBAS TSO-C145 or C146<appropriate revision Class 1: The installed ABC equipment complies with AC 20-138D for navigation using GPS and GPS/SBAS (within the coverage of a satellite-based augmentation system complying with ICAO Annex 10) for enroute, terminal area, and non-precision approach operations. Non-precision approach operations include those based on conventional navigation aids with “or GPS” in the title and those with “GPS” and “RNAV(GPS)” in the title to “LNAV” minimums.
GPS/GBAS TSO-C161<appropriate revision>: The installed ABC system complies with AC 20-138D for navigation using GPS and GPS/GBAS (within the coverage of a ground-based augmentation system complying with ICAO Annex 10) for GPS/GBAS precision approach procedures to “GLS” minimums.
GPS TSO-C196(AR): The installed ABC system complies with AC 20-138D for IFR navigation using GPS for enroute, terminal area, and non-precision approach operations. Non-precision approach operations include those based on conventional navigation aids with “or GPS” in the title and those with “GPS” and “RNAV(GPS)” in the title to “LNAV” minimums.
<The following statement applies to all types of GNSS stand-alone equipment>:
Navigation information is referenced to the WGS-84 reference system, and should only be used where the Aeronautical Information Publication (including electronic data and aeronautical charts) conform to WGS-84 or equivalent.
<For TSO-C129(AR), TSO-C145/C146(AR), and TSO-C196(AR) equipment that complies with the requirements in appendix 1 of this AC:> The ABC equipment as installed has been found to comply with the requirements for GPS oceanic/remote navigation, when used in conjunction with the ABC prediction program. This does not constitute an operational approval.
<For baro-VNAV equipment:> The ABC VNAV system has been demonstrated capable of and has been shown to meet the accuracy requirements of:
VFR/IFR enroute, terminal and approach (if applicable) VNAV operation within the conterminous U.S. and Alaska in accordance with the criteria in AC 20-138D.
FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-5
Appendix 5 Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Continued) Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA SECTION 2 - LIMITATIONS
1. The system must use at least software version <insert version identification> as the minimum version.
2. A valid and compatible database must be installed and contain current data.
<Limitation for TSO-C129(AR) and TSO-C196(AR) equipment:>
3. The aircraft must have other operational, approved navigation equipment installed appropriate to the operation.
<Limitation for all GNSS equipment:>
4. The TSO-C<insert number and revision> equipment has a performance limitation necessitating an alternate airport flight planning operational mitigation. In the U.S., refer to sections 1-1-17, 1-1-18, 1-2-3 and 5-4-5 in the Aeronautical Information Manual for specific operational guidance. In other states, refer to their operational guidance for RNAV(GNSS) approaches.
5. The ABC Model XXX Quick Reference Guide, P/N <insert part number>, dated <insert date> (or later appropriate revision) must be immediately available to the flight crew whenever navigation is predicated on the use of the system.
<Limitation for baro-VNAV equipment:>
6. The ABC Model XXX VNAV system Pilot’s Guide, P/N <insert part number>, dated <insert date> must be immediately available to the flight crew whenever navigation is predicated on the use of the system.
7. When using the <insert name> VNAV system, the barometric altimeter must be used as the primary altitude reference for all operations; including instrument approach procedure stepdown fixes.
8. Minimum altitude for autopilot coupled VNAV operation is <insert number> feet above ground level.
9. <Specify any additional limitations applicable to the particular installation.> FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-6
Appendix 5 Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Continued) Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA SECTION 3 - EMERGENCY/ABNORMAL PROCEDURES
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES No change.
ABNORMAL PROCEDURES
1. If ABC Model XXX GPS navigation information is not available or invalid, use remaining operational navigation equipment as appropriate.
2. If loss of integrity monitoring message is displayed, revert to an alternate means of navigation appropriate to the route and phase of flight or periodically cross-check the GPS guidance to other, approved means of navigation.
<For baro-VNAV equipment:> If VNAV information is intermittent or lost, disengage VNAV and use the primary barometric altimeter for vertical guidance.
SECTION 4 - NORMAL PROCEDURES <For GPS equipment:>
1. Normal operating procedures are outlined in the ABC Model XXX GPS Pilot's Guide.
2. <Describe approach mode sequencing.>
3. System Annunciators <applicable to installations with external annunciators>
a. Waypoint - <describe each annunciator>
b. Message - <describe each annunciator>
c. Approach - <describe each annunciator>
d. <describe any other annunciators> FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-7
Appendix 5 Sample Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Continued) Installation Center/Repair Station Model XXX 123 Fourth Street Navigation System Anytown, USA
4. System Switches <applicable to installations with external switches>
a. Nav/GPS - <describe switch use and function>
b. RMI Switch - <describe switch use and function>
c. <describe any other switches>
5. Pilot's Display <describe the pilot's GPS display(s)>
6. Flight Director/Autopilot Coupled Operation <describe the procedures for coupling GPS to the flight director and/or autopilot system(s)>
7. <include any other normal operating procedures necessary> <For baro-VNAV equipment:>
1. Normal operating procedures are outlined in the Pilot’s Guide, P/N <insert part number>, dated <insert date> (or later appropriate revision).
2. Describe each remote annunciator, such as: waypoint (WPT), message (MSG).
3. Describe the function and operation of the various switches used with the system.
4. Describe the pilot’s and copilot’s display (i.e., CDI, HSI, OBS, etc.)
5. Describe the coupling of VNAV system steering information to the autopilot and/or flight director.
SECTION 5 - PERFORMANCE No Change SECTION 6 - WEIGHT AND BALANCE <Refer to revised weight and balance data, if applicable.> SECTION 7 - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
<Provide a brief description of the system, its operation, installation, etc.>
FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-8
Navigation Specification Operational Requirements/ Authorizations Required Equipment Reference Guidance Oceanic and Remote GNSS FDE availability Two <insert name> Meets the applicable Areas of Operation must be verified prior to installed systems, requirements of (formerly Class II flight. Maximum operating and receiving AC20-138D, Navigation). predicted FDE unavailability is 25 minutes.
No time limit using GNSS as the primary navigation sensor.
usable navigation information from each of the dual GNSS sensors (or one navigation system and one GNSS sensor for those routes requiring only one long range navigation sensor).
AC90-100A, AC91-70, FAA Order 8400.33.
This does not constitute an operational approval.
North Atlantic (NAT) GNSS FDE availability must be verified prior to Two <insert name> installed systems, Meets the applicable requirements of Minimum Navigation flight. Maximum operating and receiving AC20-138D, Performance predicted FDE usable navigation AC91-70, Specifications (MNPS) unavailability is 25 minutes.
No time limit using GNSS as the primary navigation sensor.
information from each of the dual GNSS sensors (or one FMS and one GNSS sensor for those routes requiring only one lon g range AC91-49.
This does not constitute an operational approval.
RNAV-10 GNSS FDE availability i ti )Two <insert name> Meets the applicable RNP-10 must be verified prior to flight. Maximum predicted FDE unavailability is 25 minutes.
EPU/ANP does not exceed RNP.
No time limit using GNSS as the primary installed systems, operating and receiving usable navigation information from each of the dual GNSS sensors.
requirements of AC20-138D FAA Order 8400.128.
This does not constitute an operational approval.
4/7/16 AC 20-138D Change 2 Appendix 5 A5-2. Sample AFM(S)/RFM(S) PBN Capabilities and Qualification Basis.
Section II Operating Limitations Model XXX
NAVIGATION OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES The navigation equipment as installed has been found to comply with the requirements established for the following navigation specifications:
i ti (Continued Next Page) FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-9
Appendix 5
SECTION II - OPERATING LIMITATIONS MODEL XXX NAVIGATION OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES (Continued) Navigation Specification Operational Requirements/ Authorizations Required Equipment Reference Guidance B-RNAV/RNAV-5 EPU/ANP does not At least one <insert Meets the applicable RNP-5. exceed RNP. name> installed system requirements of is receiving usable AC20-138D, No time limit using navigation information AC90-96A, GNSS as the primary from one or more of the AC90-100A, navigation sensor. following sensors: EASA AMC 20-4.
1. Multiple DMEs, or
2. GNSS sensor.
RNP-4 Oceanic and GNSS FDE availability Two <insert name> Meets the applicable Remote Area must be verified prior to installed RNP navigation requirements of Operations. flight. Maximum predicted FDE unavailability is 25 minutes.
EPU/ANP does not exceed RNP.
No time limit using GNSS as the primary navigation sensor.
systems, operating and receiving usable navigation information from each of the dual GNSS sensors.
AC20-138D, FAA Order 8400.33.
This does not constitute an operational approval.
RNAV-2 GNSS is required for At le ast one <insert Meets the applicable RNAV-1 takeoff in P-RNAV name> installed system requirements of P-RNAV airspace. is receiving usable AC20-138D, RNAV Routes (DPs, STARS, Q and T Routes) GNSS FDE availability must be verified prior to flight for DPs that navigation information from one or more of the following sensors:
AC90-105, AC90-96A, AC90-100A, JAA TGL 10.
RNP-2 require GNSS. 1. Multiple DMEs, or RNP-1 EPU/ANP does not exceed RNP.
2. GNSS sensor (required for takeoff in P-RNAV airspace and some DPs).
This does not constitute an operational approval.
No time limit using GNSS as the primary navigation sensor.
(Continued Next Page) FAA Approved Page <> of <> Date: ________ A5-10