Appendix 1
(3) The GPS equipm ent must exclude, without pilot actio n, any satellite designated unhealthy by any of the GPS navigati on data. The satellite must be excluded within 5 m inutes of the designation as unhea lthy by the satellite. A description of the parameters that m ust be checked ar e in RTCA/DO-229C, section 2.1.1.5.5, except a satellite broadcasting “111 101” must not be used.
(4) If a GPS satellite failure results in loss of GPS navigation (due to the failure to exclude or to loss of a cr itical satellite), an appropr iate indication [ TSO-C129(AR), paragraphs (a)(3)(xiii)1c, (a)(4)(iv)10, and (a)(5)(iv)9)] of the failure must be provided to the flight crew.
(5) The equipment m ust provide, upon reque st, an indication of the current estimate of position uncertainty in term s of na utical miles (NM). This estim ate must be based on measurement inconsistency and must bound the true error with high confidence (approximately 99.9 percent). It is related to th e test statistic calculated as part of FDE.
This estimate will not be available if there are only four measurements available (because there is no redundancy). This output is in tended to provide inform ation about the approximate magnitude of a potential positi oning failure, when the horizontal integrity limit (HIL) exceeds the alert limit or when a positioning failure has been detected but not excluded.
3. PREDICTION PROGRAM . A prediction program is required to support operational departure restrictions. See paragraph 12e of this AC.
Page A1-3 (and A1-4)
Appendix 2
APPENDIX 2. INTEGRATION OF GLONASS WITH GPS OR GPS/WAAS
GLONASS must be supplemental to other approved means of navigation. This appendix defines an acceptable means of compliance for GNSS equipment to use GLONASS.
1. APPROVAL PROCESS.
a. TSO Authorization. Equipm ent that com plies with th e criteria of this Appendix can obtain a TSO-C145a, TSO-C146a, or TSO-C129a authorization. The ACO s hould issue a separate letter of de sign approval, stati ng that the applian ce (including part number) complies with this Appendix.
b. Installation Approval.
(1) The applicant obtains installatio n approval of the GPS navigation equipment.
(2) If the m anufacturer has previously obtained a letter of design approval as described in paragraph 1a of this appendix, further evaluation as described in paragraph 2 of this appendix is not required.
(3) If the m anufacturer has not obtained a letter of design approval, then the applicant must dem onstrate com pliance with the requirements in paragraph 2 of this appendix.
(4) Approval of equipm ent which does not satisf y the interf erence criteria specified in paragraph 2f of this appendi x should include a lim itation in the A/RFM(S):
“The GLONASS capa bility may be lost due to interference encountered during norm al operations, and is limited to be a supplement to other navigation.”
c. Operational Approval.
(1) Until the FAA declares GLONASS operational for U.S. aviation, GLONASS signals cannot be us ed in predicting RAIM av ailability f or nonprecision approach, or for FDE availab ility for oceanic /remote operations (see ap pendix 1 of this AC).
(2) When the FAA declares GLONASS operational, integrated GPS/GLONASS equipment which meets the interference criteria in paragraph 2f of this Appendix will be able to take advantage of GLONASS signals when predating RAIM approach availability and availability of FDE for oceanic and rem ote operations. For equipment tha t does not meet the interference criteria, no predictive cred it can be given for GLONASS even after it is declared operational for U.S. aviation.
2. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE.
a. Performance without GLONASS. In the absence of GLONASS signals, the equipment must satisfy all of th e criteria for GPS/WAAS or GPS equipment as described in this AC. This includes susceptibility to in-band and out-of-band interference.
b. GLONASS Receiver. GLONASS functions must be developed in accordance with the GLONASS Interface Control Document.
Page A2-1
Appendix 2
c. Accuracy. Use of GLONASS m ust not deg rade the sy stem accuracy. The accuracy requirem ents of TSO-C129(AR) an d RTCA/DO-208 m ust be satisfied using both GPS a nd GLONASS. Differences between GPS and G LONASS in reference time and coordinate reference fram es m ust be addressed. Inte rfrequency bias among GLONASS channels, and between GPS and GLONASS must be considered.
d. Integrity. Failure of GLONASS space or contro l seg ment must not cause misleading information. Therefore, the receiver must be capable of detecting all position errors that result from using GLONASS.
e. Continuity. Failure of GLONASS space or con trol segment must not cause loss of navigation unless navigation is not possible with GPS alo ne. Therefo re, the receiver must be able to exclude GLONASS measurements when a failure is detected, reverting to using only GPS if necessary. W hen a failur e is detected but ca nnot be isolated, the equipment must exclude all GLONASS measurem ents and revert to GPS navigation. If the resulting set of GPS satellites d oes not provide fault d etection, the equipm ent must indicate that RAIM is not available.
f. Interference Environment.
(1) The interf erence env ironment f or GLONASS is specif ied belo w.
GLONASS accuracy must be maintained in the specified interference environment.
(2) GLONASS equipm ent, which does not m eet this requirem ent, can be approved, but is lim ited to supplem ental operation and no credit can be taken for GLONASS capabilities. Regardless of the signal rejection in the GLONASS band, the GPS(WAAS) portion of the integrated equi pment must satisfy its requirem ents for interference. Approval of equipment which does not satisfy the interference criteria specified above should include a limitation: “The GLONASS capability m ay be lost due to interference encountered during norm al operations, and is lim ited to be a supplement to GPS navigation.”
(3) Prior to the year 2005, the required signal rejection results in the rejection of GLONASS channels f7 through f24. I mplementing this rejection before 2005 would reduce the size of the usable GLONASS constellation to those satellites using channels f0 through f6. Equipm ent may be de signed to use satellites above f6 to receive as m any signals as possible, but since the U.S. is n ot comm itted to protecting GLONASS operation above 1605 MHz then such equipm ent would also allow interference into its passband, precluding the use of any GLONASS satellites.
(4) GLONASS Spectrum Consideratio ns. Prior to 1998, G LONASS will operate between 1602.5625 MHz and 1615.5 MHz, ± 0.511 MHz. By 2005, the GLONASS operating band will be 1598.0625 MHz to 1605.375 MHz. GLONASS channel assignments are defined as shown in Table 1.
(5) GLONASS Interference Environm ent. International po licy is still being developed for the frequency protection of GLONASS signals. The criteria defined below are based on the U.S. position, w hich is to protect the use of GLONASS in its final configuration for precision approach operati ons. In addition, the use of GLONASS channels within the final band will be pr otected for nonprecision approach operations Page A2-2
Appendix 2
from now until the GL ONASS tra nsition is c omplete. T wo levels o f interf erence are specified: one applies to equipm ent intended for en route through NPA operations, and one applies to equipment intended to support precision approach operations.
(6) All interference levels specified within this app endix are defined relative to received satellite signal levels (at antenna port) of -135.5 dBm . This satellite signal level represents that received at the an tenna port given a m inimum standard antenna gain of -4.5 dBi. For non-standard antennas with a different m inimum gain, the signal and interference levels can be adjusted accord ingly, as l ong as the relative interference-tosignal level is maintained. In other words, if the minimum antenna gain were 0 dBi, then the received satellite signal and the interference level would be increased by 4.5 dB.
(i) Narrowband Interference. Continuous Wave (CW) interfering signals can be as high as shown in figure 1. The corner frequencies in this figure are as stated in Table 2.
Table 1. GLONASS Channel Assignments
GLONASS Channel Frequency (±0.511 MHz) 1998- 2005 2005- f-7 1598.0625 MHz in use f-6 1598.6250 in use f-5 1599.1875 in use f-4 1599.7500 in use f-3 1600.3125 in use f-2 1600.8750 in use f-1 1601.4375 in use f0 1602.0000 in use in use f1 1602.5625 in use in use f2 1603.1250 in use in use f3 1603.6875 in use in use f4 1604.2500 in use in use f5 1604.8125 in use test f6 1605.3750 in use test f7 1605.9375 in use f8 1606.5000 in use f9 1607.0625 in use f10 1607.6250 in use f11 1608.1875 in use f12 1608.7500 in use f13 1609.3125 f14 1609.8750 f15 1610.4375 f16 1611.0000 f17 1611.5625 f18 1612.1250 f19 1612.6875 f20 1613.2500 f21 1613.8125 f22 1614.3750 f23 1614.9375 f24 1615.5000
Page A2-3
Appendix 2
(ii) In-band and Near-band Interfe rence. The equip ment could receive an interfering signal with a center frequency on any GLONASS center frequency, and with a total bandwidth of BWI, that is as high as the levels shown in Figure C-2 of appendix C to RTCA/DO-229C.
(iii) Pulsed Interference. Integrated GPS/GLONASS equipm ent must continue tracking GPS and GLONASS signa ls without degradatio n to the position solution or integrity performance with in-ban d or out-of-band pulse interference sources with the following characteristics:
Peak Power +20 dBm Pulse Width 1 ms Pulse Duty Cycle 10%
Figure 1. CW Interference Levels 8
21.5 -120.5 -12 -12 -30 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 1500 1550 1600 Frequency (MHz) Interference Level (dBm)
GLONASS with satcom GPS Table 2. CW Interference Levels
Frequency (MHz) Interference Level (dBm) GLONASS GPS With Satcom (both) 1315 25.5 25.5 1525 -12 -12 1565 -120.5 -120.5 1585.5 -120.5 -120.5 1605.886 -120.5 -45.2 1610 -30 -30 1618 -12 -12 -12 1626.5 -11.3 -11.3 8 2000 21.5 21.5 21.5 Page A2-4
Appendix 3
APPENDIX 3. EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
A quick reference guide should be provided wi th the GNSS equipm ent as a training aid for the operation of the GNSS equipm ent. The quick reference guide should not be used as a checklist or as a replacem ent for the p rocedures and limitations of the equ ipment as stated in the FAA-approved operations manual or A/RFM(S).
Arrange the quick reference guide in sections to provide the pilot a quick reference to those procedures and clarifica tions applicable for that mode of operation. Sections m ay be added or deleted as appr opriate. Exam ple CDU page di splays and page flow s are encouraged.
Messages 1 of 3 GNSS
QUICK
REFERENCE GUIDE Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Direct To 1 of 1 Approach 1 of 5 STARs 1 of 2 En route holding 1 of 1 SIDs 1 of 3 Flight plans 1 of 4
Page A3-1
Appendix 3
EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE (Continued)
Creating Flight Plans
1. Rotate left outer knob to FPL.
2. Rotate left inner knob to blank flight plan pages.
3. Press left CRSR.
4. Rotate left inner and outer knobs to input desired waypoint.
5. Press ENT
6. Press ENT
7. Repeat 4, 5, and 6 until all desired waypoints are entered.
Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Flight Plans 1 of 4 Direct To 1 of 1 Messages 1 of 3 Approach 1 of 5 STARs 1 of 2 En route holding 1 of 1 SIDs 1 of 3 Editing Flight Plans
Inserting waypoints
1. Rotate left outer knob to flight plan pages.
2. Rotate left inner knob to desired flight plan page.
3. Press left CRSR
4. Rotate left outer knob to the point in the flight plan where you want to insert the new waypoint.
5. Rotate left inner and outer knobs to input new waypoint.
See next page for more instructions.
Flight Plans 3 of 4 SIDs 1 of 3
6. Press ENT Deleting Flight Plans
1. Rotate left outer knob to flight plan pages.
2. Rotate left inner knob to desired flight plan page.
3. Press left CRSR
4. Rotate left outer knob to place cursor over waypoint to be deleted.
5. Press CLR
6. Press ENT
5. Press ENT Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Approach 1 of 5 Direct To 1 of 1 Messages 1 of 3 STARs 1 of 2 En route holding 1 of 1 Routes 2 of 4 Activating Flight Plans
1. Press left CRSR
2. Press ENT
Page A3-2
Appendix 3
EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE (Continued) If steps 9 – 10 are not required, go to step 13.
If required to choose a SID runway:
9. Rotate right outer knob to select desired runway.
10. Press ENT If steps 10 – 11 are not required, go to step 13.
If required to choose a SID runway transition:
11. Rotate right outer knob to select desired transition.
12. Press ENT and go to step 13
13. Press ENT Flying the selected SID
1. Press left CRSR
2. Rotate right outer knob to desired waypoint
3. Press D
4. Press ENT
SIDs 3 of 3 Messages 1 of 3 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Direct To 1 of 1 Approach 1 of 5 STARs 1 of 2 En route holding 1 of 1 SIDs 2 of 3 Selecting SIDs
1. Rotate right outer knob to airport pages.
2. If the desired airport is not displayed, press right CRSR
3. Rotate right inner and outer knobs to input desired airport.
4. Press right CRSR
5. Rotate right inner knob to select APT 7 page.
6. Press right CRSR
7. Rotate right outer knob to select desired SID.
8. Press ENT See next page for more instructions.
SIDs 1 of 3 Messages 1 of 3 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Direct To 1 of 1 Approach 1 of 5 STARs 1 of 2 En route holding 1 of 1 Reversing Flight Plans
9. Rotate left outer knob to flight plan pages.
10. Rotate left inner knob to select flight plan to be reversed.
11. Press left CRSR
12. Rotate left outer knob to display blinking “USE?INVRT?” page.
13. Press ENT
Routes 4 of 4 Page A3-3
Appendix 3
EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE (Continued) Messages 1 of 3 En route holding 1 of 1 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Direct To 1 of 1 Approach 1 of 5 STARs 1 of 2 En route holding
1. Press GPS CRS switch to display “OBS”.
2. Press D
3. Press ENT
4. Set course for intercept into HSI.
Selecting STARs
1. Rotate right outer knob to airport pages.
2. If desired airport is not displayed, press right CRSR
3. Rotate right inner and outer knobs to input desired airport.
4. Press right CRSR
5. Rotate right inner knob to APT 7 page.
6. Press right CRSR
7. Rotate right outer knob to select desired STAR.
8. Press ENT
See next page for more instructions.
Messages 1 of 3 STARs 1 of 2 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Direct To 1 of 1 Approach 1 of 5 Page A3-4
Appendix 3
EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE (Continued)
If steps 10 – 11 are not required, go to step 12.
If required to choose an IAF:
10. Rotate right outer knob to select desired IAF.
11. Press ENT and go to step 12
12. Press ENT Vectored approaches
This function not available
Messages 1 of 3 Direct To 1 of 1 Approach 3 of 5 Repeating an approach
1. Rotate left outer knob to select “FPL 0” page.
2. press left CRSR
3. Rotate left outer knob to select desired approach waypoint from which to repeat the approach.
4. Press D
5. Press ENT If steps 6 – 11 are not required, go to step 12.
If required to intercept approach course:
6. Rotate left outer knob to select “FPL 0” page.
See next page for more instructions.
Missed Approach 1 of 1 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Arming approaches
1. If GPS APR switch is in proper position, approach will auto arm and switch will display “ARM”.
2. If within 30 miles of destination, and GPS APR switch does not display “ARM”, press GPS APR switch Approach 2 of 5 Selecting approaches
1. Rotate right outer knob to airport pages.
2. Rotate right inner knob to APT 1 page.
3. If desired airport is not displayed, press right CRSR
4. Rotate right inner and outer knobs to select desired airport.
5. Press right CRSR
6. Rotate right inner knob to APT 8 page.
7. Press right CRSR
8. Rotate right outer knob to select desired approach.
9. Press ENT
See next page for more instructions.
Messages 1 of 3 Approach 1 of 5 Direct To 1 of 1 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1
If steps 9 – 10 are not required, go to step 11.
If required to choose a STAR transition:
9. Rotate right outer knob to select desired transition.
10. Press ENT and go to step 11.
11. Press ENT
STARs 2 of 2 Page A3-5
Appendix 3
EXAMPLE FORMAT FOR A QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE (Continued)
Missed Approach 1 of 1 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Messages 1 of 3 Direct To 1 of 1 Messages 1 of 3 Approach 5 of 5 Direct To 1 of 1 Procedure Turns/Holding Patterns 1 of 1 Missed Approach 1 of 1 Changing an approach
1. Rotate left outer knob to select “FPL 0” page.
2. Press left CRSR
3. Rotate left outer knob to display blinking “CHANGE APR” page.
4. Press ENT
5. Rotate right outer knob to select desired approach.
6. Press ENT If steps 7 – 8 are not required, go to step 9.
If required to choose an IAF:
7. Rotate right outer knob to select desired IAF.
8. Press ENT and go to step 9.
9. Press ENT
Approach 4 of 5
7. Press GPS CRS switch to display “OBS”.
8. Set desired course into HSI.
9. Press left CRSR
10. Rotate left outer knob to waypoint at end of desired course segment.
11. Press D and go to step 12.
12. Press ENT
Missed approach
Direct to a waypoint
1. Press D
2. Press ENT
Intercepting a course to a waypoint
1. Press GPS CRS switch to display “OBS”.
2. Press D
3. Press ENT
4. Set inbound course into HSI.
Page A3-6