4-4
4.3.2.1.3 Encounters with aircraft targets of opportunity.
4.3.2.1.4 The use of suitable test equipment during ground tests.
CAUTION: When ground testing the transponder or TCAS system, you must take precautions to prevent being a source of interference to ATC or other TCAS aircraft operating in the area. Ground maintenance checks or ramp testing (such as altimetry or bearing accuracy testing) can cause transmission of data which produce false targets for the ground ATC surveillance systems or airborne TCAS aircraft. These false indications of “intruder aircraft” could result in unnecessary ATC communications and possibly in TCAS induced aircraft maneuvers. Conduct such testing in coordination with ATC and use antenna shielding (transmission absorption covers or caps) to prevent the system from transmitting test data that could generate false intruder information. Using high-powered, hangar-mounted transponders to conduct ramp testing is not an acceptable means to test either transponder or TCAS. As an alternative to the use of antenna shielding, radiated testing can be used provided that a) if in Air Mode, the Mode C code, Mode S altitude reporting downlink formats, and ADS-B altitude reports all respond with an altitude that is at least 600 feet below ground level or an altitude above 90,000 feet above ground level, and b) if aircraft is in a normal pre-dispatch configuration (in On Ground Mode and transponder set to "TRANSPONDER" mode), the Mode C code, Mode S altitude reporting downlink formats, and ADS-B altitude reports all respond with an altitude at ground level.
4.3.2.2 During all phases of flight, determine if there is any mutual interference with any other aircraft system.
4.3.2.3 Evaluate TCAS II aural messages for acceptable volume and intelligibility during both low and high cockpit noise levels (idle descent at low speed and high power at Vmo) with and without headsets, covering the outboard ear where appropriate. In turbo-prop aircraft where the aircrew uses headsets via the aircraft audio distribution panel, the aural messages should hold the same acceptable volume and intelligibility during both low and high cockpit noise levels. If the TCAS II TEST is used to simulate voice announcements, ensure that use of the TEST function does not change the audio level.
4.3.3 Evaluate the effective surveillance range of the traffic display, including target azimuth reasonableness and track stability. You may use a non-transport (low speed) Mode C equipped aircraft as a target or a fixed transponder or suitable test equipment for these tests.
CAUTION: When flight testing the transponder or TCAS system, you must prevent being a source of interference to ATC or other TCAS aircraft operating in the area. For example, using a fixed transponder to simulate an intruder aircraft can cause transmission of data which produce false targets for the ground ATC surveillance
4-5 systems or airborne TCAS aircraft. These false indications of “intruder aircraft” could result in unnecessary ATC communications and possibly in TCAS induced aircraft maneuvers. Conduct such testing in coordination with ATC.
4.3.4 Evaluate the Mode S transponder air-to-ground ATCRBS function against an appropriate ground facility.
4.3.5 Determine that any configuration discretes associated with the TCAS II logic, including inhibits of aural annunciations and RAs, operate properly unless you previously demonstrated this during ground tests. (These include changes in logic or function with aircraft configuration, altitude, or speed.)
4.3.6 Evaluate TCAS II for noninterference during coupled autopilot and flight director approaches to the lowest minimums approved for the aircraft.
4.3.7 Evaluate all selectable modes of the TCAS II to determine that they perform their intended function.
4.3.8 Reevaluate any previously installed aircraft systems that have required changes as a result of the TCAS II installation (such as CMC, EFIS, EICAS FD, PFD, ND, IVSI, and interface).
4.4 Upgrading an Existing TCAS II Installation.
If you are upgrading an existing approved TCAS II installation to a higher TCAS II version (i.e., V7.0 or V7.1), and the higher version installation is only a software change, then you don’t need to do any additional certification flight tests to obtain a follow-on STC or amended STC or an amended TC. The appropriate aircraft ground tests of paragraph 4.2 are sufficient to ensure that the higher version TCAS II software is operating properly. However, if the upgrade to a higher version TCAS II unit involves changes other than a software change (such as the addition of new interfaces), you may need to do flight tests in accordance with paragraph 4.3.2.
4.5 Upgrading an Existing Mode S Transponder Installation As stated in Section 3.2.4.3, typical testing associated with the initial installation and certification of a new transponder may not be necessary when upgrading a previously approved transponder. Examination of the proposed transponder upgrade should be accomplished to determine which tests are necessary and appropriate. For example, when upgrading an existing approved Mode S transponder installation to add ADS-B Out functionality and the upgrade is only a software change, if ground testing adequately evaluates the added functionality, then no additional certification flight tests are required to support a follow-on STC, amended STC, or amended TC.
5-1 CHAPTER 5. AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL SUPPLEMENT
5.1 Content of an AFMS.
The AFMS should provide the appropriate system limitations and procedures, and a comprehensive description of all normal modes of operation, including expected flight crew actions.
5.2 TCAS V7.1 AFMS Example.
Refer to 0 for an example of the elements and extent of detail that a typical AFMS may show (specific performance data, inhibits and procedures may vary with system design and aircraft type).
Appendix A A-1 APPENDIX A. EXAMPLE TCAS II V7.1 AFMS INTRODUCTION.
You may, when appropriate, replace descriptive material and procedures in this Airplane Flight Manual Supplement (AFMS) example by reference in the AFMS to the TCAS II equipment supplier’s pilot operating guide. However, the AFMS reference to this guide must specify date and revision level; and not be open ended, such as, “or later revision,” unless the pilot’s guide is specifically FAA approved. Also, the AFMS must define the specific configuration approved from the various options contained in the pilot’s guide; for example, which model control panel, whether the pilot initiated self-test is available in flight, range features, TA vertical display features, and so forth.
-EXAMPLE-
AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL SUPPLEMENT (Example for an aircraft equipped with IVSI/RA displays) DESCRIPTION.
The TCAS II is an on-board collision avoidance and traffic situation display system with computer processing to identify and display intruding and threatening collision aircraft, and issue resolution advisories in the form of vertical maneuver guidance on the pilot and copilot’s instantaneous vertical speed indicators (IVSI). From the transponder replies, TCAS II determines relative altitude, range, and bearing of any ATCRBS or Mode S equipped aircraft with altitude reporting. From this, TCAS II will determine the level of advisory using standardized algorithms. The TCAS II will resolve multiple aircraft encounters. ATCRBS equipped aircraft that only reply with Mode A information will not provide altitude information;
therefore, TCAS II will not issue resolution advisories for these aircraft but can issue traffic advisories. The TCAS II will not detect aircraft that are not equipped with transponders.
The TCAS II installation consists of one TCAS II processor, one top mounted directional antenna, one bottom mounted blade (or directional antenna), one Mode S transponder with control panel and top and bottom antennas, one traffic advisory display with control panel (if not combined with the IVSI/RA indicators), two resolution advisory displays, one overhead speaker for voice messages, (caution/warning lights), and associated wiring.
The TCAS II provides two levels of advisories:
1. If the traffic gets within 25 to 48 seconds, depending upon altitude, of projected Closest Point of Approach (CPA), TCAS II then considers it an intruder, and issues an aural and visual traffic advisory (TA). This level calls attention to what may develop into a collision threat using the TA display and the voice message, “TRAFFIC - TRAFFIC.” It permits mental and physical preparation for a possible maneuver to follow and assists the pilot in achieving visual acquisition of the intruding aircraft.
Appendix A A-2
2. If the intruder gets within 15 to 35 seconds, depending upon altitude, of CPA, TCAS II then considers it a threat, and issues an aural and visual resolution advisory (RA). This level provides a recommended vertical maneuver using modified IVSIs and voice messages to provide adequate vertical separation from the threat aircraft or prevents initiation of a maneuver that would place the TCAS II aircraft in jeopardy. TCAS II is a backup system to the “SEE AND AVOID” concept and ATC surveillance. TCAS II annunciates RAs by the following voice messages, as appropriate, along with the expected pilot response:
(1) “CLIMB, CLIMB”--climb at the rate depicted by the green (fly to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 1,500 and 2,000 fpm.
(2) “DESCEND, DESCEND”--descend at the rate depicted by the green (fly to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 1,500 and 2,000 fpm.
(3) “MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED”--ensure that vertical speed is out of the illuminated IVSI red arc until the RA is completed.
(4) “LEVEL OFF, LEVEL OFF” -- reduce vertical speed to zero feet per minute. A green arc will appear, beginning at zero feet per minute. The system can issue this as the initial RA or as a subsequent RA.
(5) “CLEAR OF CONFLICT”--range is increasing, and separation is adequate.
Expeditiously return to the applicable ATC clearance, unless ATC directs otherwise.
(6) “CLIMB, CROSSING CLIMB, CLIMB, CROSSING CLIMB”--climb at the rate depicted by the green (fly to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 1,500 and 2,000 fpm. You will best achieve safe separation by climbing through the threat’s flight path.
(7) “DESCEND, CROSSING DESCEND, DESCEND, CROSSING DESCEND”-- descend at the rate depicted by the green (fly to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 1,500 and 2,000 fpm. You will best achieve safe separation by descending through the intruder’s flight path.
(8) “MAINTAIN VERTICAL SPEED, MAINTAIN”--continue the existing climb or descent rate, or other vertical speed, as depicted by the green (fly to) arc on the IVSI. You will best achieve safe separation by not altering the existing vertical speed.
(9) “MAINTAIN VERTICAL SPEED, CROSSING MAINTAIN”--continue the existing climb or descent rate, or other vertical speed, as depicted by the green (fly to) arc on the IVSI. You will best achieve safe separation by not altering the existing vertical speed and climbing or descending through the threat’s flight path.
Appendix A A-3 The following voice messages annunciate enhanced TCAS II maneuvers when initial RA does not provide sufficient vertical separation. The tone and inflection indicate increased urgency.
(1) “INCREASE CLIMB, INCREASE CLIMB”--climb at the rate depicted by the green (fly-to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 2,500 and 3,000 fpm. Received after “CLIMB” advisory, and indicates you need to climb faster to achieve safe vertical separation from a maneuvering aircraft.
(2) “INCREASE DESCENT, INCREASE DESCENT”--descend at the rate depicted by the green (fly-to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 2,500 and 3,000 fpm. Received after “DESCEND” advisory, and indicates you need to descend faster to achieve safe vertical separation from a maneuvering aircraft.
(3) “CLIMB – CLIMB NOW, CLIMB – CLIMB NOW”--climb at the rate depicted by the green (fly-to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 1,500 and 2,000 fpm. Received after a “DESCEND” resolution advisory and indicates you need to reverse your vertical direction to achieve safe vertical separation from a maneuvering threat aircraft.
(4) “DESCEND – DESCEND NOW, DESCEND – DESCEND NOW”-descend at the rate depicted by the green (fly-to) arc on the IVSI, nominally between 1,500 and 2,000 fpm.
Received after a “CLIMB” resolution advisory and indicates you need to reverse your vertical direction to achieve safe vertical separation from a maneuvering threat aircraft.
Appendix A A-4 Figure A-1. TCAS II/Transponder Control Panel (Example)
Table A- 1. TCAS II/Transponder Function Selector TEST Holding the TCAS II/Transponder function selector in TEST for 2 to 3 seconds will activate the system test sequence. In the TEST position, read maintenance messages on the display. Use discretion when selecting TEST in flight, since this inhibits both TCAS II and the transponder for approximately 20 seconds. The function selector is spring loaded to STBY.
STBY Activates TCAS II and XPDR warmup cycles.
XPDR Transponder is on. TCAS II is in warmup cycle.
TA Transponder is on. Only the “Traffic Advisory”, or “TA” function of the TCAS II is on. You will not receive any “Resolution Advisories” in this position. The written warning “TA ONLY” will appear on the display, and the yellow “RA OFF” flag will be in view on both IVSIs.
TA/RA Transponder is on. All TCAS II functions are on. No TCAS II flags should be present on either IVSI.
XPDR Fail Light (Amber) Indicates a transponder system failure when the transponder is on.
Comes on during “TEST”, but goes off after approximately 3 seconds if the transponder is OK.
Code Indicator Indicates code selected with the code selectors.
IDENT Causes the word IDENT to flash in the aircraft data block on the ATC display.
ALT RPTG Provides automatic altitude reporting to ATC.
Appendix A A-5 TEST Holding the TCAS II/Transponder function selector in TEST for 2 to 3 seconds will activate the system test sequence. In the TEST position, read maintenance messages on the display. Use discretion when selecting TEST in flight, since this inhibits both TCAS II and the transponder for approximately 20 seconds. The function selector is spring loaded to STBY.
Code Selectors Select the transponder code. Left and right selectors consist of a large knob and a small knob. Each knob controls one digit of the code.
Figure A-2. TCAS II – Traffic Display (Example)
Table A- 2. Displayed Aircraft Symbols (Examples) Arrow indicates that the target is climbing ↑ or descending ↓ at a rate of at least 500 fpm.
Relative altitude is displayed in the proximity of the aircraft symbol in hundreds of feet. A “+” preceding the relative altitude indicates the target is above you and a “-“ indicates it is below you.
Unfilled white diamond. Non-threatening traffic without altitude reporting. If altitude reporting, the altitude data will be displayed.
Appendix A A-6 Arrow indicates that the target is climbing ↑ or descending ↓ at a rate of at least 500 fpm.
+07
Solid White diamond. Proximity traffic 700 feet above. Nonthreatening, altitude reporting traffic within 1200 feet vertically and 6nm horizontally. Aircraft without altitude reporting will be assumed to be co-altitude and will be displayed as a solid diamond when within 6nm even though they may not be within 1200 feet vertically.
↓ -03 Solid yellow circle. “TA”, 300 feet below, descending with a rate of at least 500 fpm.
+00 Solid red square. “RA”, level at your altitude.
Ownship. Airplane symbol in white just below the center of CRT.
On a dedicated display or when in the TFC Mode on a combination TCAS II/RADAR Display.
(Compass Arc) This arc is a repeater of the Captain’s compass. (Not required for TCAS II Display) (Range Rings) 3nm – Small ring with ticks at clock positions 5 NM – Large ring made of dots.
Figure A-3. TCAS II Traffic Display (Example)
Appendix A A-7 Table A- 3. REL ALT/FL Switch REL ALT Paddle switch is spring loaded to the center position. Display shows relative altitude “REL ALT” in hundreds of feet above (+) or below (- ) your aircraft.
FL Allows display of traffic flight levels, referenced to 29.92, for 15 seconds. Your FL is displayed in lower left corner. Display shows three digits, except for negative flight levels that are shown as – xxx.
When the current barometric pressure is not available and the TCAS II aircraft is below FL 180, the system automatically inhibits display of FL.
RANGE Sets the maximum forward range on the traffic display. Ranges of 3, 5, 10, 20 NM are available and the traffic display shows the selected range in the upper right corner of the display.
BRT Knob Controls brightness of the display.
Appendix A A-8 Table A- 4. Above/Norm/Below Switch ABOVE Displays altitude-reporting traffic from 2700 feet below to 9900 feet above the TCAS II aircraft. In this mode, ABOVE shows on the traffic display. This selection has no effect on the functioning of the collision avoidance logic.
NORM Displays altitude reporting traffic from 2700 feet below to 2700 feet above the TCAS II aircraft.
BELOW Displays altitude-reporting traffic from 2700 feet above to 9900 feet below the TCAS II aircraft. In this mode, BELOW shows on the traffic display. This selection has no effect on the functioning of the collision avoidance logic.
OFF-SCALE TRAFFIC ADVISORY - If TCAS II tracks an intruder that is outside the selected range of the display but that has entered the Caution or Warning areas, one-half of the appropriate symbol will appear at the appropriate bearing at the edge of the display area. The symbol will appear in its proper color and its data tag will show, if there is room. For example, a TA intruder with a high closure rate, and which is directly ahead and 300 feet below your airplane will appear as an amber-filled half circle at the 12 o’clock position on the edge of the display area. The data tag “-03” will appear below the half symbol. If this intruder is above your altitude, the data tag is not visible. An off-scale RA intruder will appear as a red-filled half square, with data tag if room permits.
NO BEARING ADVISORIES - When TCAS II cannot track the bearing of an intruder, the traffic advisory will appear in the lower center of the display just below the own-airplane symbol. The advisory will present appropriate color-coded traffic information. This phenomenon usually is a result of either temporary antenna shielding (due to steep bank angles) or a failure in the TCAS II bearing antenna. The display can show up to two lines of information. “TA 5.2 -06↑” for example means an intruder is creating a Traffic Advisory 5.2 nautical miles away, 600 feet below, and climbing in excess of 500 FPM. This advisory is displayed in amber or yellow. “RA 0.6 00” means resolution advisory traffic is 0.6 nautical miles away at the same altitude. This advisory is displayed in red. Lack of bearing information does not degrade TCAS II’s ability to compute a traffic or resolution advisory.
Appendix A A-9
Figure A-4. TCAS II Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator (Example)
Table A- 5. Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator Indicates vertical speed in feet per minute. The IVSI is a normal instantaneous vertical speed indicator, and the presence of the lights or the flags will not interfere with the ability of the needle to indicate vertical speeds.
RED/GREEN EYEBROW LIGHTS. Eyebrow lights are invisible until they illuminate as part of a TCAS II “RESOLUTION ADVISORY”, or system “TEST”. These lights indicate a vertical speed regime which will provide safe traffic separation. The green lights form a wider band than red lights.
IVSI Status Window Flags T C A S BLACK. Normal operation.
T C A S AMBER FLAG. Indicates Unusable TCAS II information.
Red Arc Green Arc Key to Colors in Figures