Appendix 4 A4-2
k. GNSS time of applicability. The time that the position output from the GNSS sensor is applicable.
l. GNSS Time of Measurement (TOM). TOM for GNSS sources is the time when the last GNSS signal used to determine the position arrives at the aircraft GNSS antenna.
m. Horizontal Figure of Merit (HFOM). The radius of a circle in the horizontal plane with its center being at the true position, that describes the region assured to contain the indicated horizontal position with at least 95% probability under fault-free conditions at the time of applicability.
n. Horizontal Protection Level Fault Detection (HPLFD). The radius of a circle in the horizontal plane, with its center being at the true position, that describes the region assured to contain the indicated horizontal position. It is a horizontal region where the missed alert and false alert requirements are met for the chosen set of satellites when autonomous fault detection is used. It is a function of the satellite and user geometry and the expected error characteristics, it is not affected by actual measurements. Its value is predictable given reasonable assumptions regarding the expected error characteristics.
o. Horizontal Protection Level Fault Free (HPLFF). Fault Free horizontal protection level. See RTCA/DO-229D appendix R.
p. Position source. The on-board avionics equipment that provides the latitude, longitude, geometric altitude, velocity, position and velocity accuracy metrics, and position integrity metric. Additionally the position source may provide the vertical rate parameters.
q. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Any algorithm that verifies the integrity of the position output using GPS measurements, or GPS measurements and barometric aiding, is considered a RAIM algorithm. An algorithm that uses additional information (e.g., multi-sensor system with inertial reference system) to verify the integrity of the position output may be acceptable as a RAIM-equivalent. Within this AC, the term RAIM is a synonym for aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS) and is used to refer to both RAIM and RAIM-equivalent algorithms.
r. Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS). A wide coverage augmentation system in which the user receives augmentation information from a satellite-based transmitter.
In the U.S., this is referred to as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).
s. Selective Availability (SA). A protection technique employed by the Department of Defense which degraded GPS accuracy. Selective availability was discontinued on May 1, 2000.
t. Traffic Information Service - Broadcast (TIS-B). TIS-B is a ground broadcast service provided from an ADS-B ground system network over the UAT and 1090ES links which provides position, velocity, and other information on traffic which is detected by a secondary surveillance radar, but is not transmitting an ADS-B position.
Appendix 4 A4-3
u. Total latency. The total time between when the position is measured by the position source (GNSS TOM for GNSS systems) and when the position is transmitted from the aircraft (ADS-B Time-of-Transmission).
v. Uncompensated latency. Any latency in the ADS-B system which is not compensated through extrapolation. Uncompensated latency can be represented as the difference between the time of applicability of the broadcast position and the actual time-of-transmission.
w. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). The U.S. implementation of SBAS.
Appendix 5 A5-1 Appendix 5. Acronyms
1. Acronyms.
Acronym Definition 14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations AC Advisory Circular ACO Aircraft Certification Office ADIRS Air Data And Inertial Reference System ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast ADS-R Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Rebroadcast A/FD Airport/Facility Directory AFM Airplane Flight Manual AFMS Airplane Flight Manual Supplement ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider ARP Aerospace Recommended Practice ASDE-X Airport Surface Detection Equipment, Model X ATC Air Traffic Control ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System dB Decibel DME Distance Measuring Equipment EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference EPU Estimated Position Uncertainty FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHA Functional Hazard Assessment FIS-B Flight Information Services - Broadcast FMS Flight Management System GBAS Ground Based Augmentation System GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS/IRS Global Navigation Satellite System / Inertial Reference System GPS Global Positioning System GVA Geometric Vertical Accuracy HAE Height Above Ellipsoid HAG Height Above Geoid HFOM Horizontal Figure of Merit HIL Horizontal Integrity Level HPL Horizontal Protection Level HUL Horizontal Uncertainty Level Hz Hertz ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICA Instructions for Continued Airworthiness IFR Instrument Flight Rules INS Inertial Navigation System IRS Inertial Reference System IRU Inertial Reference Unit
Appendix 5 A5-2 Acronym Definition kts Knots LPV Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance m/s Meters per second MHz Megahertz MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standards MSL Mean Sea Level NACP Navigational Accuracy Category for Position NACV Navigational Accuracy Category for Velocity NAS National Aerospace System NIC Navigational Integrity Category NICBARO Barometric Altitude Integrity Code NM Nautical Mile POA Position Offset Applied RA Resolution Advisory Rc Radius of containment RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RFM Rotorcraft Flight Manual RFMS Rotorcraft Flight Manual Supplement RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum SA Selective Availability SBAS Satellite Based Augmentation System SDA System Design Assurance SIL Source Integrity Level SILSUPP SIL Supplement SIS Signal-in-Space SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar STC Supplemental Type Certificate TC Type Certificate TCAS II Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TIS-B Traffic Information Service - Broadcast TOM Time of Measurement TSO Technical Standard Order TSOA Technical Standard Order Authorization UAT Universal Access Transceiver UTC Coordinated Universal Time VFR Visual Flight Rules VFOM Vertical Figure of Merit VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range VAPP Target approach airspeed VFE Maximum flap extended speed VH Maximum speed in level flight at maximum continuous power VMO Maximum operating limit speed VNE Never-exceed speed VS Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable VY Speed for best rate of climb
Appendix 5 A5-3 Acronym Definition V2 Takeoff safety speed WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System WGS-84 World Geodetic System 1984
Appendix 6 A6-1 Appendix 6 Related Documents
1. 14 CFR. Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14CFR) can be obtained at www. access.gpo.gov. Select “Access,” then “Online bookstore.” Then select “Aviation,” then “Code of Federal Regulations.”
2. Advisory Circulars. Order copies of Advisory Circulars from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Office, M-30, Ardmore East Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue, Landover, MD 20785. You can also get copies from our website at www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/.
a. AC 20-131(), Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II) and Mode S Transponders
b. AC 20-138(), Airworthiness Approval of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Equipment
c. AC 20-151(), Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II) Version 7.0 & 7.1 and Associated Mode S Transponders
d. AC 20-172(), Airworthiness Approval for ADS-B IN Systems and Applications
e. AC 21-40(), Guide for Obtaining a Supplemental Type Certificate
f. AC 23.1309-1(), System Safety Analysis and Assessment for Part 23 Airplanes
g. AC 25.1309-1(), System Design and Analysis
h. AC 27-1(), Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft
i. AC 29-2(), Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft
j. AC 43-6(), Altitude Reporting Equipment and Transponder System Maintenance and Inspection Practices
3. TSO. You can find a current list of technical standard orders on the FAA Internet website at www.airweb.faa.gov/rgl. You will also find the TSO Index of Articles at the same site.
a. TSO-C5, Direction Instrument, Non-Magnetic (Gyroscopically Stabilized)
b. TSO-C6, Direction Instrument, Magnetic (Gyroscopically Stabilized)
c. TSO-C8(), Vertical Velocity Instruments
d. TSO-C10(), Altimeter, Pressure Actuated, Sensitive Type
Appendix 6 A6-2
e. TSO-C66(), Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Operating Within the Radio Frequency Range of 960-1215 Megahertz
f. TSO-88(), Automatic Pressure Altitude Reporting Code-Generating Equipment
g. TSO-C106(), Air Data Computer
h. TSO-C112(), Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System/Mode Select (ATCRBS/Mode S) Airborne Equipment
i. TSO-C119(), Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Airborne Equipment
j. TSO-C129(), Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS)
k. TSO-C145(), Airborne Navigation Sensors Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) Augmented by the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
l. TSO-C146(), Stand-Alone Airborne Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) Augmented by the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
m. TSO-C154c, Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipment Operating on the Frequency of 978 MHz
n. TSO-C166b, Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Service - Broadcast (TIS-B) Equipment Operating on the Radio Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz)
o. TSO-C196(), Airborne Supplemental Navigation Sensors for Global Positioning System Equipment Using Aircraft-Based Augmentation
4. RTCA, Inc. You can order copies of RTCA documents from RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th Street, NW, Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036; telephone: (202) 833-9339; website:
http://www.rtca.org.
a. RTCA DO-160D, E, F or G Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures For Airborne Equipment
b. RTCA/DO-178B, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification
c. RTCA/DO-208 change 1, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using Global Positioning System (GPS)
d. RTCA/DO-229D, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System/Wide Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment
Appendix 6 A6-3
e. DO-242A change 1 Min Aviation System Performance Standards for ADS-B
f. RTCA/DO-254, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware
g. RTCA/DO-260B, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) corrigendum 1
h. RTCA/DO-300, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System II (TCAS II) Hybrid Surveillance
i. RTCA/DO-316, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Global Positioning System/Aircraft Based Augmentation System Airborne Equipment
5. FAA Orders. FAA order 8110.44C Change 1 incorporated Type Certification, can be found at the FAA Regulatory and Guidance Library website: http://rgl.faa.gov/.
6. ARINC, Inc. Documents. ARINC document GNSS Sensor ARINC Characteristic 743A-5 can be obtained from ARINC Incorporated, 2551 Riva Rd., Annapolis, MD, 21401. Telephone +1 800-633-6882, fax +1 410-956-5465. You can also get copies from their website, www.arinc.com.
7. SAE International. Order SAE documents from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, telephone (724) 776-4970, fax (724) 776-0790. Also, order copies online at www.sae.org.
a. SAE ARP 4754A, Certification Considerations for Highly-Integrated or Complex Aircraft Systems
b. SAE ARP-4761, Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment
8. European Aviation Safety Agency. Copies of EASA document AMC 20-24 Certification Considerations for the Enhanced ATS in Non-Radar Areas using ADS-B Surveillance (ADS-B-NRA) Application via 1090 MHZ Extended Squitter, can be obtained from the European Aviation Safety Agency, Postfach 10 12 53, D-50452 Cologne, Germany.