Appendix D APPENDIX D. DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS D.1 Definitions D.1.1 Aircraft State Awareness Synthetic Vision System (RTCA DO-371) – A display of perspective view synthetic terrain and overlaid primary flight display symbology that is intended to enhance perception of aircraft motion and to enhance attitude and energy state awareness.
D.1.2 Appliance (14 CFR 1.1) - Any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller.
D.1.3 Approach Lighting Designators ALSF-I: Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights in ILS Cat I Configuration.
ALSF-II: Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights in ILS Cat II Configuration. The ALSF-II may operate as a SSALR when weather conditions permit.
MALSR: Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights.
SSALR: Simplified Short Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights.
MALSF: Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Sequenced Flashing Lights.
D.1.4 Command Guidance - Symbolic information that directs the pilot to follow a course of action to control attitude or thrust in a specific situation (for example, flight director).
D.1.5 Conformal (AC 25-11B) - Refers to displayed graphic information that is aligned and scaled with the outside view.
D.1.6 Decision Altitude (14 CFR 1.1) - A specified altitude in an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach. Decision altitude is expressed in feet above mean sea level.
D.1.7 Decision Height (14 CFR 1.1) - A specified height above the ground in an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach. Decision height is expressed in feet above ground level.
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Appendix D D.1.8 Egocentric - Used to define the view of a display image that correlates to inside the aircraft. One example is what the flight crew would see out the window from a forward facing perspective.
D.1.9 Exocentric - Used to define the view of a display image that correlates to outside the aircraft. One common exocentric view would be a North Up Plan view shown on moving map displays.
D.1.10 Eye Reference Point (ERP) - The point in the cockpit that allows for a finite reference enabling the precise determination of geometric entities that define the layout of the cockpit and displays.
D.1.11 Field of Regard (FOR) (SAE ARP 5677) - The angular extent of the external world that is represented on a display.
D.1.12 Field of View (FOV) - The angular extent of the display that can be seen by either pilot with the pilot seated at the pilot’s station. Refer to appropriate category of aircraft certification guidance for further information.
D.1.13 Flare Guidance - Provides explicit command guidance for the pilot to flare the aircraft.
D.1.14 Flare Prompt - The flare prompt advises the pilot when it is time to begin making the control inputs for the flare maneuver and transition to landing. A flare prompt does not provide command guidance to maneuver the airplane with regard to the rate or magnitude of manual inputs, alignment to runway heading nor touching down at a specific point on the runway.
D.1.15 Flicker (RTCA DO-315A) - High frequency luminance variations.
D.1.16 Flight Path Angle Reference Cue - Pilot selectable reference cue on the pitch scale displaying the desired approach angle.
D.1.17 Flight Path Vector - A symbol on the primary display (HUD, HUD equivalent, or PFD) that shows where the aircraft is actually going, the sum of all forces acting on the aircraft.
D.1.18 Flight Visibility (14 CFR 1.1) - The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects can be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects can be seen and identified by night.
D.1.19 Height Above Touchdown (HAT) (Aeronautical Information Manual) – The height of the Decision Height or Minimum Descent Altitude above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone (first 3,000 feet of the runway). HAT is published on the instrument approach charts in conjunction with all straight-in minimums.
D.1.20 Head Up Display (HUD) (AC 25.1329-1C) - A transparent optical display system located level with and between the pilot and the forward windscreen. The HUD displays a combination of control, performance, navigation, and command information D-2
Appendix D superimposed on the external field of view. It includes the display element, sensors, computers and power supplies, indications, and controls. It is integrated with airborne attitude, air data, and navigation systems, and as a display of command information is considered a component of the flight guidance system.
D.1.21 HUD Equivalent Display (RTCA DO-315A) – A display with at least the following characteristics:
x A head-up presentation not requiring the transition of visual attention from head down to head up.
x Displays imagery and or/symbology conformal (as defined in SAE AS 8055) with the pilots external view.
x Permits simultaneous view of the imagery (if presented), aircraft flight symbology and the external view.
x Display characteristics and dynamics suitable for manual control of the aircraft.
D.1.22 Instrument (14 CFR 1.1) - A device using an internal mechanism to show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft in flight.
D.1.23 Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) (14 CFR 170.3) - Weather conditions below the minimums prescribed for flight under Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
D.1.24 Jitter (RTCA DO-315A) - High frequency positional oscillations.
D.1.25 Latency (AC 25-11B) - The time taken by the display system to react to a triggered event coming from an input/output device, the symbol generator, the graphic processor, or the information source.
D.1.26 Minification – Perceived visual compression effect stemming from the display of imagery with a wider field of view than the conformal field of view of the display device.
D.1.27 Minification Factor – Field of view of the imagery being displayed to the pilot divided by the conformal field of view of the display.
D.1.28 Minimum Descent Altitude (14 CFR 1.1) - The lowest altitude specified in an instrument approach procedure, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering until the pilot sees the required visual references for the heliport or runway of intended landing.
D.1.29 Primary Flight Display (PFD) - The displays used to present primary flight information.
D.1.30 Rmax. The maximum range the radar can detect.
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Appendix D D.1.31 Situation Information (AC 120-29A, Criteria for Approval of Category I and Category II Weather Minima for Approach) - Information that directly informs the pilot about the status of the aircraft system operations or specific flight parameters including flight path.
D.1.32 Synthetic Vision (14 CFR 1.1) - A computer-generated image of the external scene topography from the perspective of the flight deck that is derived from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation solution, and database of terrain, obstacles and relevant cultural features.
D.1.33 Synthetic Vision System (SVS) (14 CFR 1.1) - An electronic means to display a synthetic vision image of the external scene topography to the flight crew.
Note: “Topography” defined as maps or charts of natural and man-made features of a place or region especially in a way to show their relative positions and elevations, as applicable whenever deemed appropriate and practicable.
D.1.34 Synthetic Vision Guidance System (SVGS) (RTCA DO-359) - A guidance system which integrates a synthetic vision system scene depiction with additional functionality and display elements to support operations below standard precision approach operating minima. The additional display elements must include the runway of intended landing.
Additional functions must include a flight path vector and flight path angle reference cue. An SVGS must meet the minimum requirements for reliability, availability, and integrity to be used for operational credit.
D.1.35 Threshold Crossing Height (TCH) (Pilot/Controller Glossary) - The theoretical height above the runway threshold at which the aircraft’s glideslope antenna would be if the aircraft maintains the trajectory established by the mean ILS glideslope.
D.1.36 Visual References - Visual information the pilot derives from the observation of realworld cues, out the flight deck window, used as a primary reference for aircraft control or flight path assessment.
D.2 Acronyms.
Acronym Phrase AC Advisory Circular ACO Aircraft Certification Office AFMS Aircraft Flight Manual Supplement AGL Above Ground Level ASA-SVS Aircraft State Awareness Synthetic Vision System BIT Built In Test CAT Category CVS Combined Vision System DA Decision Altitude DEM Digital Elevation Model D-4
Appendix D Acronym Phrase DH Decision Height DQR Data Quality Requirements DTED Digital Terrain Elevation Data EASA European Union Aviation Safety Agency EFB Electronic Flight Bag EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EMI Electromagnetic Interference EVS Enhanced Vision System FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHA Functional Hazard Analysis FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis FOR Field of Regard FOV Field of View FTA Fault Tree Analysis GPS Global Positioning Satellites HAT Height Above Touchdown HDD Head Down Display HIRF High Intensity Radiated Fields HMI Hazardously Misleading Information HTAWS Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System HUD Head up Display IFR Instrument Flight Rules ILS Instrument Landing System LOC-I Loss of Control Inflight LPV Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance MASPS Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards MDA Minimum Descent Altitude MDH Minimum Descent Height MFD Multi-Function Display ND Navigation Display PFD Primary Flight Display RFM Rotorcraft Flight Manual RVR Runway Visual Range SA Special Authorization SSA System Safety Analysis STC Supplemental Type Certificate SVS Synthetic Vision System SVGS Synthetic Vision Guidance System TAWS Terrain Awareness and Warning System D-5
Appendix D Acronym Phrase TC Type Certificate TCH Threshold Crossing Height TDZE Touchdown Zone Elevation TSO Technical Standard Order VFR Visual Flight Rules VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions D-6
Appendix E APPENDIX E. RELATED PUBLICATIONS E.1 Related Publications.
E.1.1 FAA Documents:
E.1.1.1 Order 8110.4C, Type Certification.
E.1.1.2 Order 8110.54A, Instructions for Continued Airworthiness Responsibilities, Requirements, and Contents.
E.1.1.3 AC 20-115D, Airborne Software Development Assurance Using EUROCAE ED-12( ) and RTCA DO-178( ).
E.1.1.4 AC 20-152, RTCA, Inc., Document RTCA/DO-254, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware.
E.1.1.5 AC 20-153B, Acceptance of Aeronautical Data Processes and Associated Databases.
E.1.1.6 AC 20-167B, Airworthiness Approval of Enhanced Vision System, Combined Vision System, and Enhanced Flight Vision System Equipment.
E.1.1.7 AC 21-16G, RTCA Document DO-160 versions D, E, F, and G, “Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
E.1.1.8 AC 23-18, Installation of Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) Approved for Part 23 Airplanes.
E.1.1.9 AC 23.1309-1E, System Safety Analysis and Assessment for Part 23 Airplanes.
E.1.1.10 AC 23.1311-1C, Installation of Electronic Display in Part 23 Airplanes.
E.1.1.11 AC 25-11B, Electronic Flight Displays.
E.1.1.12 AC 25-23, Airworthiness Criteria for the Installation Approval of a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) for Part 25 Airplanes.
E.1.1.13 AC 25.571-1D, Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation of Structure.
E.1.1.14 AC 25.629-1B, Aeroelastic Stability Substantiation of Transport Category Airplanes.
E.1.1.15 AC 25.1309-1A, System Design and Analysis.
E.1.1.16 AC 25.1329-1C, Change 1, Approval of Flight Guidance Systems.
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Appendix E E.1.1.17 AC 25.1523-1, Minimum Flightcrew.
E.1.1.18 AC 27-1B, Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft.
E.1.1.19 AC 29-2C, Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft.
E.1.1.20 AC 120-57A, Surface Movement Guidance and Control System.
E.1.1.21 AC 120-118, Criteria for Approval/Authorization of All Weather Operations (AWO) for Takeoff, Landing, and Rollout.
E.1.1.22 PS-ANM100-2001-00085, Subject: Current Heads Up Display (HUD) Certification Criteria - Working Paper.
E.1.2 RTCA, Inc. Documents E.1.2.1 DO-160G, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
E.1.2.2 DO-178C, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification.
E.1.2.3 DO-200B, Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data.
E.1.2.4 DO-254, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware.
E.1.2.5 DO-276B, User Requirements for Terrain and Obstacle Data.
E.1.2.6 DO-309, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS) Airborne Equipment.
E.1.2.7 DO-315A, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vision Systems, and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems.
E.1.2.8 DO-367, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS) Airborne Equipmen.t E.1.2.9 DO-359, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Synthetic Vision Guidance Systems.
E.1.2.10 DO-371, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Aircraft State Awareness Synthetic Vision Systems.
E.1.3 SAE International Documents.
E.1.3.1 ARP 4101, Flight Deck Layout and Facilities.
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Appendix E E.1.3.2 ARP 4102, Flight Deck Panels, Controls, and Displays.
E.1.3.3 ARP 4103A, Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft.
E.1.3.4 ARP 4105C, Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms for Use on the Flight Deck.
E.1.3.5 ARP 4754A, Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems.
E.1.3.6 ARP 4761, Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment.
E.1.3.7 ARP 5288, Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems.
E.1.3.8 ARP 5589, Human Engineering Considerations for Design and Implementation of Perspective Flight Guidance Displays.
E.1.3.9 ARP 5677, Human Engineering Considerations for Airborne Implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems.
E.1.3.10 AS 8034C, Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays.
E.1.3.11 AS 8055A, Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD).
E.2 How to Get Publications.
E.2.1 Order copies of 14 CFR, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, P.O. 979050, St. Louis, MO 63197-9000. For general information, telephone
(866) 512-1800 or fax (202) 512-2104. You can order copies online at https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/code-federal-regulations-cfrs-print. In the search bar at the top of the page, type in “14CFR”. Alternatively, you can view a current, unofficial version of 14 CFR using the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations online at https://www.ecfr.gov/.
E.2.2 You can get copies of FAA ACs from the FAA website at https://rgl.faa.gov/ or www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/.
E.2.3 You can find a current list of TSOs on the FAA Internet website Regulatory and Guidance Library at https://rgl.faa.gov/. You will also find the TSO Index of Articles at the same site.
E.2.4 Order copies of RTCA documents from RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th St., NW, Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 833-9339, fax (202) 833-9434, or website:
www.rtca.org.
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Appendix E E.2.5 Order copies of SAE documents from SAE World Headquarters, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA, telephone: (877) 606-7323, or website:
http://www.sae.org.
E.2.6 Order copies of military documents from the DLA Document Services, Building 4/Section D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098. Telephone
(215) 697-2179. You can also order copies online at http:// http://quicksearch.dla.mil/.
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Appendix F APPENDIX F. ADVISORY CIRCULAR FEEDBACK INFORMATION If you find an error in this AC, have recommendations for improving it, or have suggestions for new items/subjects to be added, you may let us know by emailing this form to 9-AWA-AVS- AIR-DMO@faa.gov Subject: AC 20-185A Date: ___________ Please check all appropriate line items:
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