Appendix 3
12. RTCA Inc. Documents. Order copies of the following RTCA Inc. documents from RTCA Inc., 1828 L Street NW., Suite 805, Washington, D.C. 20036. Telephone (202) 833-9339, fax
(202) 833-9434. You can also order copies online at www.rtca.org.
a. RTCA/DO-160F, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment
13. SAE Documents. Order copies of SAE Aerospace Standards from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. Telephone (724) 776-4970, fax (724) 776-0790. You can also order copies online at www.sac.org.
14. Underwriters Laboratories, Ine (UL). You can get copies of the following U.S. - UL standards from UL Corporate Headquarters, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096 USA. Telephone Customer Service +1-877-ULHELPS (1-877-854-3577). You can also order
a. U.S. - UL 154, Carbon-Dioxide Fire Extinguishers (Ninth Edition), April20, 2009.
b. U.S. - UL 299, Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers (Tenth Edition), April 20, 2009.
c. U.S. - UL 626, Water Fire Extinguishers (Eighth Edition), January 31, 2007.
d. U.S. - UL 711, Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers (Seventh Edition), April 13, 2009.
e. U.S. - UL 1093, Standard for Halogenated Agent Fire Extinguishers (Fifth Edition), November 30, 1995. (UL intends to withdraw this standard effective October 2014)
1. U.S. - UL 2129, Halocarbon Clean Agent Fire Extinguishers (Second Edition), January 31, 2007.
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Appendix 4 Appendix 4. Explanatory Material
1. Effective Throw Ranges. Typical throw ranges for halocarbon and water extinguishers are listed in Figure 4 below.
Figure 4. Effective Throw Ranges for Halocarbon Halon Replacement and Water Extinguishers Effective Throw Ranges for UL/ULC Agent Rated Extinguishers*,° (ft.)
2-B:C 5-B:C 1A-10B:C 2A-10B:C 2A-40B:C HCFC Blend B 6-10 9-15 9-15 N/A 12-18 N/A HFC-236fa 8-10 10-12 14-16 N/A 14-16 N/A HFC-227ea N/A 8-10 N/A N/A N/A N/A Halon 1211 9-12 9-15 12-18 N/A N/A 12-18 Halon 1301 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NIA Water© N/A N/A N/A 45-55 N/A N/A a Throw range is extinguisher dependant and may differ from tabulated values.
b Check the manufacturer's literature for the throw ranges of their extinguishers.
c Initial Throw Range
2. Safe-Use Guidance. The toxicity guidance for the inhalation of halocarbon vapors is conservative. The development of this guidance can be found in the report referenced in appendix 3, paragraph 7m of this AC. The methodology used applies pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of canine blood concentration data to perfect mixing agent decay curves. A particular PBPK model and target arterial concentration was used, as outlined in Section 4.1.2 of the aforementioned report. It assumes a compartment temperature of 70° F (21°C) at the stated pressure altitude, perfect mixing of the agent, and an agent weight of the largest extinguisher in that aircraft compartment. As a result, Halon 1211 safe-use concentrations are lower than in the previous AC. The guidance allows for adjustments for ventilation, localization and agent stratification, resulting in higher safe-use concentrations. You may elect to use safe-use W/V guidance or the minimum safe volume guidance. Both are outlined below. If used, this generally conservative guidance should protect passengers and crewmembers from neat agent toxicity, i.e. both cardiotoxicity and anesthetic effects.
a. Agent Safe-Use W/V Guidance. Consider the following:
(1) The total agent charge weight of the largest required extinguishers in a compartment divided by the compartment volume should not exceed the safe-use W/V.
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Appendix 4
(2) Multiplication factors, MF Ventilated may be applied to the safe-use W/Vs found in Figure 5 below resulting in higher safe-use agent concentrations in ventilated compartments where the air change time is known. See Figure 6 below or reference report appendix 3, paragraph 7m of this AC for the multiplication factors. These multiplication factors, referred to as the ventilation benefit in the reference report, are based on perfect mixing.
Figure 5. Safe-Use Agent W/V for Halocarbon Extinguishers in Unventilated Passenger and Crew Compartments Maximum Safe W/V (Ibs/ft') Sea Level Pressurized Unpressurized Aircraft Agent (For info Aircraft only) (8k ft. CPA) 12.5k ft. 14k ft. 18k ft. 25k HCFC Blend B " 0.00499 0.00371 0.00311 0.00293 0.00249 0.00185 HFC-227ea " 0.0551 0.0409 0.0344 0.0324 0.0275 0.0205 HFC-236fa " 0.0595 0.0442 0.0371 0.0349 0.0297 0.0221 Halon 1211 b 0.00224 0.00166 0.00139 0.00131 0.00112 0.000829 Halon 1211 C 0.00449 0.00334 0.00281 0.00264 0.00225 0.00166 Halon 1301" 0.0260 0.0193 0.0162 0.0153 0.0130 0.00968 a Values are based on safe human concentrations. See reference report appendix 3, paragraph 7m of this AC.
b This value is based on the NOAEL Halon 1211 concentration of 0.5%.
c This value is based on the LOAEL Halon 1211 concentration of 1.0%.
d Safe human concentrations are not available for Halon 1211. The Halon 1211 LOAEL concentration of 1.0% (v/v) has been shown to be safe for humans. See reference report in note a above. However, the safety factor is smaller than that set for the other agents.
Figure 6. Multiplication Factors (MF Ventilated) for Ventilated Compartments Air Change Time, + (minutes) HFC-236fa 1 17 12 18 13 121 12 18 1 Halon 1211' Halon 1301 a No MF Ventiluted is applied if air change time is greater than 6.
b More conservative MF Ventilated than actual. Based on Halon 1301 MF Ventilated-
(3) Safe-use selector curves may be used in lieu of Figure 5 and 6 above. They can be found in the reference report mentioned in paragraph 2a(2) above and can be used to obtain safe-use W/V for ventilated aircraft.
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Appendix 4
(4) Actual concentrations encountered by occupants may be significantly lower than the perfect mixing model concentrations, depending on agent stratification, air distribution, and geometry of a particular aircraft/aircraft compartment and the height and position of the occupant. A correction ultimately may be made for stratification/localization which may further increase the calculated safe-use concentration. See chapter 4, paragraph 4b(3) of this AC. The FAA will publish a report with limited examples of stratification and a methodology for use in determining this correction to adjust the safe-use concentrations for those examples. This report will include a comparison of actual post-discharge halocarbon concentration histories with perfect mixing concentration histories. The safe-use concentrations can be determined from the kinetic solution of equation 6 of the report referenced in appendix 3, paragraph 7m of this AC along with the target arterial concentrations and/or other calculation guidance provided in that report.
b. Minimum Safe Volume. This guidance may be used in place of the safe-use W/V guidance. It establishes a baseline minimum volume at which an extinguisher may safely be used, assuming perfect mixing.
The minimum safe volume is a useful tool for comparing the toxicity of hand extinguishers with the same fire fighting performance, i.e. the same U.S. - UL rating. The lower the minimum safe volume used, the comparatively less toxic the agent. Therefore, the safest extinguisher of a given rating has the lowest minimum safe volume. Obtain the minimum safe volume of an extinguisher by dividing the charge weight of the agent in the largest extinguisher in an aircraft compartment by the safe-use agent W/V for the appropriate altitude and ventilation.
Charge Weight Agent MinimumSafeVolume = Where, F is the safe-use W/V obtained from Figure 5 and 6 of this AC.
(2) Extinguishers in Unventilated Compartments. The minimum safe volume for unventilated aircraft should be used when the air change time is unknown or exceeds 6 minutes, and when multiplication factors for ventilated aircraft, MF ventilated, are not available for a particular agent. If the safe-use W/V can not be met for any of the agents, consider the relative neat agent toxicities of extinguishers in Figure 1 when selecting an extinguisher. See Figure 7 for the minimum safe volumes for extinguishers in unventilated compartments.
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Appendix 4 Figure 7. Minimum Safe Compartment Volume for One Extinguisher in Unventilated Compartments.
Minimum Safe Volume for One 5 B:C Extinguisher (ft?)
Agent Weight® Agent (Ibs) Level only) (info Sea Pressurized 8,000 ft Aircraft CPA 12,500 ft 14,000 ft Non-Pressurized Aircraft 18,000 ft 25,000 ft HCFC Blend B 5.5 1102 1482 1768 1877 2209 2973 HFC-227ea® 5.75 104 141 167 177 209 280 HFC-236fa® 4.75 79.8 107 128 136 159 214 Halon 1211° 2.5 1116 1502 1790 1908 2232 3016 Halon 1211de 2.5 558 751 895 954 1116 1508 Halon 1301° 5.0 192 258 308 327 385 517 a Agent weight for a 5B: C extinguisher is extinguisher dependent. Nozzle design, pressurization differences and other factors can result in different agent weights for extinguishers using the same agent. The tabulated minimum safe volumes should be corrected for the actual agent weight if different from the agent weight in this figure.
b Values based on the safe human concentration. See reference report appendix 3.
paragraph 7m of this AC.
Values are based on the Halon 1211 NOAEL concentration of 0.5% (w.v) Values are based on the Halon 1211 LOAEL concentration of 1.0% (v/v).
e Safe human concentrations are not available for Halon 1211. The Halon 1211 LOAEL concentration of 1.0% (v/v) has been shown to be safe for humans. See report mentioned in note b above. Also, the safety factor is smaller than that set for other agents.
(3) Extinguishers in Ventilated Compartments. The minimum safe volumes of various single SB:C extinguishers when used in ventilated compartments, and assuming perfect mixing can be obtained by applying applicable multiplication factors found in Figure 6 above as a divisor to the minimum safe volume obtained in Figure 7 above.
3. Extinguisher Weights. Figure 8 below illustrates the fire fighting performance, agent and gross extinguisher weights of some halocarbon and water extinguishers.
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Appendix 4 Figure 8. Fire Extinguisher Performance and Gross Weights UL Class A Class A Class B Class B Agent and Extinguishers Weights® Listing Panel Crib Fire Novice Experienced Halon Halon HCFC HFC- HFC- Fire 1211 1301 Blend B 227ea 236fa Water Agent Agent Agent 2-B:C 1.3 lb N/A 2.5 lb Agent 2.5 lb N/A N/A N/A 2 f 5 A? Gross Wt. Gross Wt. 2.75.1b Gross Wt.
2.3 lb 5.3 lb 5.0 lb Agent Agent Agent Agent
2.5 lb Agent 5.5 lb 5.75 lb 4.75 lb 5-B:C N/A N/A 5 ft 12.5 f Gross Wt. 2.5 lb 3.7 1b* Gross Wt. 9.3 1b Gross Wt. Gross Wt. 9.12 lb 9.5 lb N/A
(72) Agent 1-A: 8 ft x 12 layers 5 f? 12.5 fl 3.5 lb N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5-B:C 8 ft 6-2x2x20 Gross Wt.
in. 4.4 lb
(72) Agent Agent Agent 1-A: 8 ft x 12 layers 9 lb 11 b 9.5 lb.
10-B:C 8 ft 6-2x2x20 10 f2 25 f2 Gross Wt. N/A Gross Wt. N/A Gross Wt. N/A in. 15.7 lb 22 lb 21.81 1b
(112) Agent 10 ft x 16 layers 22 lb 10 ft 7-2x2x25 NA N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (2.5gal) 2A in. Gross Wt.
28 lb
(112) Agent Agent 2-A: 10 ft x 16 layers 10 f? 25 ti N/A N/A 15.5 lb N/A 13.3 lb. N/A 10-B:C 10 ft 7-2x2x25 Gross Wt. Gross Wt.
in. 27 1b 25.6 lb
(112) Agent 2A-40 10 ft x 16 layers 40 fi 100 fl 13 lb N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A B:C 10 ft 7-2x2x25 Gross Wt.
in. 20 16 Weights are extinguisher dependent. Extinguishing effectiveness is determined by test.
Optimization of hardware may result in future listed units with lower gross weights and/or smaller dimensions.
b Halon 1211 is no longer in production. However, Halon 1211 extinguishers are still in production using recycled agent.
Aircraft Volumes and Ventilation. Figure 9 below provides general information on various size aircraft, i.e. number of seats, volumes and ventilation. Only use this table as general guidance. The accuracy of this data has not been verified. Check aircraft manual for accurate guidance for your aircraft. The information in this table is taken in part from: Hocking. M.B.
(1998). Indoor Air Quality: Recommendations Relevant to Aircraft Passenger Cabins. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 59:446-454.
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Appendix 4 Figure 9. Aircraft Volumes and Ventilation Air Change Transport Category Aircraft Per Hour Air Cabin Minimum Change, Number Volume, Reported Minutes of Seats ft' (m') Airbus A300-600 36.7 1.6 266 10135(287) Airbus A310 36.7 1.6 220 8617(244) Airbus A318 35.3 1.7 107 3637(103) Airbus A319 36.2 1.7 124 4238(120) Airbus A320 36.7 1.6 150 4909(139) Airbus A321 40.3 1.5 185 5474(155) Airbus A330-200 31.3 1.9 253 12184(345) Airbus A340-200 31.3 1.9 261 12184(345) Airbus A340-600 35.0 1.7 380 15892(450) Airbus A380-800 34.0 1.8 525 38917(1102) Boeing 727-100 22.9 2.62 5333(151) Boeing 727-200 18.8 3.19 5827(165) Boeing 737-100 26.1 2.30 4238(120) Boeing 737-200 17.7 3.39 4626(131) Boeing 737-300 (42) 14.2 4.23 5262(149) Boeing 747 (26) 14.7 4.08 27899(790) Boeing 757 (48) 15.6 3.85 9747(276) Boeing 767-200 (52) 10.3 5.83 11265(319) Boeing 767-300 (-) 11.1 5.41 15115(428) Lockheed L1011-1/100 17.8 3.37 18964(537) Lockheed L1011-50 19.3 3.11 17445(494) McDonald Douglas DC9-30 27.3 2.20 4379(124) McDonald Douglas DC9-50 18.8 3.19 5227(148) McDonald Douglas DC9-80/MD80 (22) 19.7 3.05 6109(173) McDonald Douglas DC10-10 22.8 2.63 Donald Douglas DC10-40 (35) 14.9 4.03 14797(419) Smaller Commercial Aircraft Bombardier CRJ200 50 2015(57.1) Bombardier CRJ700 19.5 3.1 73 2682(76.0) Bombardier CRJ900 17.3 3.5 94 3228(91.0) Bombardier DASH-S, Q100 & Q200 37 1328(37.6) Bombardier DASH-8, Q400 70-80 2740(77.7) Embraer Brasilia EMB-120 3.8 15.9 30 968(27.4) Embraer ERJ-135 11.1 5.4 37 1650(46.7) Embraer ERJ-145 5.7 10.5 50 1872(53.1) Embraer ERJ-170 11.6 5.2 86 2315(65.6) Embraer ERJ-190 10.7 5.6 124 3203(90.7) A4-6
01/14/11/ AC 20-42D Appendix 4 Air Change Per Hour Air Cabin Minimum Change, Number Volume, Reported Minutes of Seats it' (m') Fairchild Dornier 328 32 1183(33.5) Saab 340A & 340B 33 1180(33.5) Saab 2000 50 1860(52.7) Rotorcraft Sikorsky S76 7-14 204(5.8) Sikorsky S92 12-24 700(19.8) Bell 206B3 5-7 40(1.1) Bell 407 7 85(2.4) Bell 412 8-15 220(6.2) Bell 430 224(6.4) Small Aircraft Bombardier Challenger 300 19.2 3.1 14 850(24.0) Bombardier Challenger 605 19.0 3.3 14 1150(33.0) Cessna Caravan II 6-8 152(4.3) Cessna Caravan 675 6-8 254(7.2) Cessna Caravan Amphibian 6-8 254(7.2) Cessna Grand Caravan 6-12 340(9.6) Cessna Citation CJ1 2.8 31.3 4-7 300(8.5) Cessna Citation CJ2 3.3 18.3 6-9 350(9.9) Cessna Citation X 1.7 35.1 10 593(17) Cessna Corsair, Conquest I 6-8 193(5.5) Cessna 152 2 77(2.2) Cessna 210C 6 140(3.9) Cessna 414 6-8 226(6.4) Cessna 421B 1.8 33,2 6-8 217(6.2) Dassault Falcon 7X 10.8 5.5 12 1836(52.0) Dassault Falcon 50EX 8.9 6.7 1059(30.0) Dassault Falcon 900EX 9.1 6.6 10 1695(48.0) Small Aireraft Dassault Falcon 2000EX 10.5 5.7 8 1483(42) Embrear Legacy 600 24.0 2.5 13 1650(47.0) Embrear Phenom 100 28.7 2.09 4 300(8.5) Embrear Phenom 300 29.0 2.1 7 357(10.1) Gulfstream Turbo Commander 6 184(5.2) Gulfstream Jetprop 184(5.2) Gulfstream G100 367(10.4) A4-7
Appendix 4 Air Change Per Hour Air Cabin Minimum Change, Number Volume, Reported Minutes of Seats ít' (m') Gulfstream G150 6-8 465(13.2) Gulfstream G200 6-8 868(24.6) Gulfstream G350/450 12-16 1,525(43.2) Gulfstream G550 14-18 1669(47.3) Gulfstream G650 11-18 2138(60.5) LearJet 31A 35.0 1.7 10 271(7.7) LearJet 40 36.0 1.7 6-9 363(10.3) LearJet 45/45XR 6-8 410(11.6) LearJet 60/60XR 26.0 2.3 6-8 453(12.8) Pilatus PC12 330(9.4) Piper PA31T Cheyenne 151(4.3) Raytheon Beechcraft King Air B200 32.0 1.9 7-9 393(11.1)" Raytheon Beechcraft King Air B300/350 28.0 2.1 9-11 443(12.5)" Raytheon Beechjet 400/Hawker 400XP 8 305(8.6)" Raytheon Premier 1 27.0 2.2 6-8 400(11.3)" Rockwell Gulfstream Commander GC-1000 249(7.1) Socata TBM-700 estimated by Pilatus 155(4.4) Sino Swearingen SJ30-2 190(5.4) VisionAire Vantage 310(8.8) a Includes lavatory and internal baggage compartment.
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