APPENDIX C. BACKGROUND OF ICE PROTECTION REGULATORY
DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUED)
C.5 REFERENCES.
C1. “Recommended Values of Meteorological Factors to be Considered in the Design of Aircraft Ice-Prevention Equipment,” NACA Technical Note 1855 (1949), NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035.
C2. “Review of Icing Criteria,” Lewis, William, Aircraft Ice Protection, Report of Symposium, April 28-30, 1969.
C-12
APPENIDX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS Figure D-1 shows the flow of a typical inflight icing certification program. Figures D-2 through D-7 provide typical program flowcharts for the design and certification of critical surfaces, engine, propeller, airframe components, and probes ice protection. These program flowcharts are general in nature and may not be applicable to all icing certification programs. Applicants should assess their aircraft for design features that warrant added considerations to ensure safe flight in icing conditions.
D-1
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED)
Figure D-1. Typical Aircraft Inflight Icing Certification Process D-2
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-2. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Processes for Wings, Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizers, and Rotor Blades ..
IPS Required ion ion Section ion NO Sect Thermal Mechanica Icephobic ce Accretion Analysis A/C Flying Qualities Effects Evaluation Flutter and Aeroelastic Analysis Shed-Ice Trajectory, Engine Ingestion, and Structural Damage Tolerance Analyses Select IPS Technology Wing, Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizers, and Rotor Blades Thermal IPS Mechanical IPS Fluid IPS Icephobic IPS YES IPS Energy Resources Assessment Certification Plan Accepted NC Manufacturer's Design Requirements and Obiectives Regulatory Requirements and Guidance, Including Safety Assessment ** Ice Contamination Effects On A/C Flying Qualities to Determine Required Spanwise IPS Protection Certification Plan Certification Plan Revision Wing, Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizers, and Rotor Blades* * • Section 23/25/27/29.1583 Protected and Unprotected Surface Ice Shape Analysis Regulatory Requirements and Guidance. Including Safety Assessment** YES Flight in Icing Conditions Approval Desired NO A/C Limitation Against Flight in Known or Forecast Icing Conditions* Chord-wise IPS Protection Required - Impingement Limits Application For IPS Certification D-3
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-2. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Processes for Wings, Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizers, and Rotor Blades (Continued) Wing, Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizer, and Rotor Blade IPS Approval IPS Воронан Regulatory Compliance Demonstration and Documentation Empirical aht Test to Check Validatior Thermal Analyses of Thermal Analvses Natural Ice Flight Test: Dry Air To Check Safe A/C Flying Qualities and Simulated of Safe A/C Flying ce Shapes: To Demonstrate Qualifiss with IPS Performance, Ice Shedding: Simulated Ice Shapes and, Check for Icing Anomalies System Failure and Failure Annuncialion Analysis Regulatory Compliance Demonstration and Documentation Natural Ice Flight Test: Dry Air To Check Safe A/C Flying Demonstration Qualities and Simulated of Cafo Bur Ice Shapes: To Demonstrate Flying Qualities with PS Performance, Ice Shedding: Simulated Ice Shapes and, Check for Icing Anomalies Thermal Analyses to Demonstrate hat Target Skin Temperature are Achieved with Available Energy Over Appendix C and Failure Critical Ice Shed-Ice Trajectory and Structural / Engine Damage Tolerance Analysis Normal Operation and Failure Critical Ice Shapes Selection C Conformity Drawings monstrater Empirical Evaluation of IPS Effectiveness Over Appendix C Shed-Ice Trajectory anc Antural / Encine Damage Tolerance System Failure and Failure Annunciation Analysis Pre-Certification IPS Testing to Establish Production IPS Configuration Type Desian Evaporative Manufacturer's Development and Pre-Certification IPS Testing to Establish Production IPS Confiquration
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-2. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Processes for Wings, Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizers, and Rotor Blades (Concluded) To Check Safe Ice Shapes: To Demonstrate PS Performance. Ice Shedding and. Check for Icing Anomalies Natural Ice Flight Test: To Check Safe A/C Flying Qualities and Simulaled Ice Shapes: To Demonstrate IPS Performance, Ice Shedding: and. Check for Icing Anomalies Regulatory Compliance Demonstration and Documentation ulaled Ice Shape Regulatory Compliance Demonstration and Documentation Dry Air Demonstration Cafe BI Flying Qualities with Simulated Ice Shapes Shad lee Trajectory and Struclural /Encine Damage Tolerance Normal ation and ure Critical Nomal Operation and Failure Critica Ice Shapes Selected Fluid -valuatior Renuired af Ipo and Available Effectiveness Analvsis Over Appendix C Shed-Ice Tralector and and Failure nnumciation Analvses terial Compatibility Empirical Evaluation System of IPS Deterioratior Effectiveness Over Fualuation Appendix ~ Erosion / Deterioration Limitations Established be Desia Demonstrated Pre-Certificatior PS Conficuratior Manifastirore Development and Dra Cartifination IPS Testing to Establish Productior IPS Confouration
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-3. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Process for Engine Induction Systems Reciprocating Engine YF • Section. 1301 and .1309, Parts 23/25/27/29 Certification Plan Accepted? ** • Section. 1093, Parts 23/25/27/29 • Section .901(d)(2), Parts 23 • Section 903, Parts 23/25 • Section 68 and .77, Parts 33 • Section. 1305, Parts 23/25/27/29 • Section . 1419(d), Parts 25/29 • AC 23-8A, Change 1 •AC 23-1309-1B * AC 25-7A (Change 1) • AC 25-1309-1A • AC 33-2B Certification Plan Airframe Manufacturer's Design Requirements and Objectives Regulatory Requirements and Guidance, Including Safety Assessment** * Certification icing flight tests may be permitted with engines without final engine type certification provided that compliance has been demonstrated and accepted for Part 33 requirements that are needed to insure safety of flight for the requested test conditions.
YES Does Engine Have A Type Certificate? Aircraft Certification Not Permitted*
YES NO NO Flight in Icing Conditions Approval Desire? Is Aircraft In Restricted Category For Which AFM Limitations Can Be Established? YES Does Engine Have A Type Certificate? YES Establish AFM Limitations
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-3. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Process for Engine Induction Systems (Continued) Natural Icing Flight Tests To Demonstrate Satisfactory Engine Operation And Performance YES Flight In Icing onditions Approva Desired??
Dry Air Flight Test To Show Compliance With Heat Rise or Pre-Heat Section 25129/21/29 1093(a) Dry Air Flight Test To Demonstrate Engine Operation And Performance With Alternate Air, If Applicable Dry Air Flight Test To Demonstrate Engine Operation And Performance With Simulated Ice Shapes Engine Induction And Related Systems Conform To Type Design? Conform Compliance To Engine Installatior Manual? Part 23, 25, 27 or 29 Engine Installation Icing Regulations Approval Induction System Design, Analyses, and Testing Any Engine Redesign For Enaine TCr Type Certificate Modified Engine D-7
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-3. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Process for Engine Induction Systems (Continued) Regulatory Compliance? 'ES > Dry Air Flight Tests with Simulated Shapes/Inlet Blockage Applicant's Development and Pre-certification IPS Testing to Establish Production IPS Configurations Engine, Induction and Related Systems Conform to Type Design? Conform YES NO YES Electrotherma Runback Ice Evaluation Running Wet Compliance To Engine Installation Manual? NO Redesign Shed-Ice Trajectories, Engine Ingestion, Damage Tolerance Analysis Effect of Ice Accretion On Engine Operation and and Testing Thermal Hot Air Dry Air Flight Tests to Check Thermal Analyses Select IPS Technology Empirical Validation of Thermal Analyses Induction System Ice Accretion Design, Analyses, Analyses and Testing IPS Protection IPS Energy Required Resources Impingement Limits Assessment Thermal Analyses to Demonstrate Target Surface Temperatures are Achieved Throughout Appendix C Conditions with Available Energy Shed Ice Trajectory and Structural/Engine Damage Tolerance Analyses System Failure and Failure Annunciation Analyses D-8
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-3. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Process for Engine Induction Systems (Concluded) Part 23. 25. 27 or 29 Regulations Approval Any Engine Redesign Required For Engine TC?
Regulatory Compliance?
Conduct Testing In Climatic Chamber and/or Icing Tunnel Sufficient Natural conditions Tested and Sufficient Data for Appendix C? YES Natural Icing Flight Test Within Appendix C Flight Testing In Natural Falling/Blowing Testing In Natural Ground Ice Fog YES Flight In Icing Conditions Approval Desired?
D-9
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-4. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Process for Propellers Select IPS Technology Propeller Blade IPS Design Section 23.905(e) • Section 23/25.929 • Section 23/25/27/29.251 • Section 23/25.1301 • Section 23/25.1309 *AC 23.1419-2A • AC 25.1419-1 • FAA Icing Handbook • AC 20-73 • AC 23.1309-1B • AC 25.1309-1A Spinner- PS Energy Ice Evaluation YES Icephobic IPS Blade Structural Analysis Certification Plan Accepted Manufacturer's Design Requirements and Objectives Regulatory Requirements and Salery Asses ming ** Protected and Unprotected Surface Ice Shape Analysis / Evaluation Certification Plan Certification Plan Revisio Propeller Blades * • Section 23/25/27/29.1583 Span Wise IPS Requirements Regulatory Requirements and Guidance, Including Safety Assessment** YES Flight In Icing Conditions Approval Desired A/C Limitation Against Flight in Known or Forecast Icing Conditions Chord-wise IPS Protection Required - Impingement Limits Application For IPS Certification D-10
APPENDIX D. COMPONENT ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND
CERTIFICATION PROCESS FLOWCHARTS (CONTINUED) Figure D-4. Typical Inflight Icing Certification Process for Propellers (Continued) Regulatory Compliance Demonstrated Natural Ice Flicht Performance. Ice Shedding, Simulated Ice Shapes and Check for Icing Anomalies Regulatory Compliance Demonstration and Documentation ced Propeller Empirical Validatior Perfomance Check of Evaluation Thermal Analyses ry Air and Natural Ice Flight Tests to Check Propeller Performance and Structural Integrity Natural Ice Flight Test to Demonstrate IPS Performance, Ice Shedding and Check for Icing Anomalies Regulatory Compliance Demonstration and Documentation Flight Test to Check Propeller Performance and Structural Integrity Analyses Structural Analysis Iced Propeller Performance Evaluation System Failure and Failure inunciation Analvsis Thermal Analyses to Demonstrate that Target Blade Temperatures are Achieved with Available Energy Over Required Icing Conditions Normal Operation and Failure Critical Ice Shapes Selection Shed-Ice Trajectory and Structural / Engine Damage Tolerance System Failure and Failure Annunciation Analyses Normal Operation and Failure Critical Ice Shapes Selection Shed-Ice Trajectory and Structural / Engine Damage Tolerance Empirical Evaluation of IPS Effecliveness Over Required Icing Conditions A/C Conformity to Type Design Drawings A/C Conformitv to Type Design Drawings Demonstrated Manufacturer's Development and Pre-Certification IPS Testing to Establish Production IPS Configuration Davalenment and Pre-Certification IPS Testing to Establish Production IPS Configuration D-11