8. HOW TO OBTAIN. Copies of AC 23-8B may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, Post Office Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954; make check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Copies may also be obtained through any Government Printing Office bookstore located in major cities throughout the United States.
s/Diane K. Malone Acting Manager Small Airplane Directorate Aircraft Certification Service iv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL1
1. SECTION 23.1 APPLICABILITY1
2. SECTION 23.3 AIRPLANE CATEGORIES1
3.-5 RESERVED1
CHAPTER 2. FLIGHT2
6. SECTION 23.21 PROOF OF COMPLIANCE2
7. SECTION 23.23 LOAD DISTRIBUTION LIMITS5
8. SECTION 23.25 WEIGHT LIMITS6
9. SECTION 23.29 EMPTY WEIGHT AND CORRESPONDING
CENTER OF GRAVITY.8
10. SECTION 23.31 REMOVABLE BALLAST8
11. SECTION 23.33 PROPELLER SPEED AND PITCH LIMITS8
12.-15. RESERVED10
16. SECTION 23.45 GENERAL10
17. SECTION 23.49 STALLING SPEED13
18. SECTION 23.51 TAKEOFF SPEEDS20
19. SECTION 23.53 TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE24
20. RESERVED27
21. SECTION 23.55 ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE27
22. SECTION 23.57 TAKE-OFF PATH32
23. SECTION 23.59 TAKEOFF DISTANCE AND TAKEOFF RUN37
24. SECTION 23.61 TAKEOFF FLIGHT PATH41
25. SECTION 23.65 CLIMB: ALL ENGINES OPERATING43
26. SECTION 23.66 TAKEOFF CLIMB, ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE47
27. SECTION 23.67 CLIMB: ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE47
28. SECTION 23.71 GLIDE (SINGLE-ENGINE AIRPLANES)50
29. SECTION 23.75 LANDING51
30. SECTION 23.77 BALKED LANDING CLIMB56
31.-38. RESERVED57
39. SECTION 23.141 GENERAL58
40.-44. RESERVED58
45. SECTION 23.143 GENERAL58
46. SECTION 23.145 LONGITUDINAL CONTROL60
47. SECTION 23.147 DIRECTIONAL AND LATERAL CONTROL61
48. SECTION 23.149 MINIMUM CONTROL SPEED63
49. SECTION 23.151 ACROBATIC MANEUVERS67
50. SECTION 23.153 CONTROL DURING LANDINGS67
51. SECTION 23.155 ELEVATOR CONTROL FORCE IN MANEUVERS68
52. SECTION 23.157 RATE OF ROLL70
53.-62. RESERVED70
63. SECTION 23.161 TRIM70
64.-69. RESERVED71
70. SECTION 23.171 GENERAL71
71. SECTION 23.173 STATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY74
72. SECTION 23.175 DEMONSTRATION OF STATIC LONGITUDINAL
STABILITY74
73. SECTION 23.177 STATIC DIRECTIONAL AND LATERAL STABILITY77
v
74. SECTION 23.179 RESERVED78
75. SECTION 23.181 DYNAMIC STABILITY78
76.-85. RESERVED82
86. SECTION 23.201 WINGS LEVEL STALL82
87. SECTION 23.203 TURNING FLIGHT AND ACCELERATED TURNING
STALLS.85
88. SECTION 23.205 RESERVED86
89. SECTION 23.207 STALL WARNING86
90.-99 RESERVED86
100. SECTION 23.221 SPINNING86
101.-105. RESERVED92
106. SECTION 23.231 LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND CONTROL93
107. SECTION 23.233 DIRECTIONAL STABILITY AND CONTROL93
108. SECTION 23.235 OPERATION ON UNPAVED SURFACES95
109. SECTION 23.237 OPERATION ON WATER95
110. SECTION 23.239 SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS95
111.-119. RESERVED95
120. SECTION 23.251 VIBRATION AND BUFFETING95
121. SECTION 23.253 HIGH SPEED CHARACTERISTICS96
122.-131. RESERVED100
CHAPTER 3. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION101
132. SECTION 23.629 FLUTTER101
133.-137. RESERVED101
138. SECTION 23.671 GENERAL. (RESERVED)101
138a. SECTION 23.672 STABILITY AUGMENTATION AND AUTOMATIC AND
POWER OPERATED SYSTEMS (RESERVED)101
139. SECTION 23.677 TRIM SYSTEMS101
140. SECTION 23.679 CONTROL SYSTEM LOCKS103
140a SECTION 23.691 ARTIFICIAL STALL BARRIER SYSTEM.
(RESERVED)103
141. SECTION 23.697 WING FLAP CONTROLS. (RESERVED)103
142. SECTION 23.699 WING FLAP POSITION INDICATOR. (RESERVED)103
143. SECTION 23.701 FLAP INTERCONNECTION103
144.-153. RESERVED104
154. SECTION 23.729 LANDING GEAR EXTENSION AND RETRACTION
SYSTEM.104
155. SECTION 23.735 BRAKES. (RESERVED)104
156.-160. RESERVED104
161. SECTION 23.771 PILOT COMPARTMENT. (RESERVED)104
162. SECTION 23.773 PILOT COMPARTMENT VIEW104
162.a SECTION 23.775 WINDSHIELDS AND WINDOWS105
163. SECTION 23.777 COCKPIT CONTROLS. (RESERVED)105
163a. SECTION 23.785 SEATS, BERTHS, LITTERS, SAFETY BELTS AND
SHOULDER HARNESSES105
164. SECTION 23.803 EMERGENCY EVACUATION105
165. SECTION 23.807 EMERGENCY EXITS105
166. SECTION 23.831 VENTILATION105
167.-175. RESERVED107
176. SECTION 23.841 PRESSURIZED CABINS107
177. SECTION 23.843 PRESSURIZATION TESTS. (RESERVED)107
vi
178.-188. RESERVED107
CHAPTER 4. POWERPLANT108
189. SECTION 23.901 INSTALLATION. (RESERVED)108
190. SECTION 23.903 ENGINES108
191. SECTION 23.905 PROPELLERS111
192. SECTION 23.909 TURBO SUPERCHARGERS111
192.a. SECTION 23.925 PROPELLER CLEARANCE111
193. SECTION 23.929 ENGINE INSTALLATION ICE PROTECTION111
194. SECTION 23.933 REVERSING SYSTEMS111
195. SECTION 23.939 POWERPLANT OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS112
196. SECTION 23.943 NEGATIVE ACCELERATION112
197.-206. RESERVED113
207. SECTION 23.959 UNUSABLE FUEL SUPPLY113
208. SECTION 23.961 FUEL SYSTEM HOT WEATHER OPERATION113
209.-220. RESERVED113
221. SECTION 23.1001 FUEL JETTISONING SYSTEM113
222.-237. RESERVED114
238. SECTION 23.1027 PROPELLER FEATHERING SYSTEM114
239.-244. RESERVED115
245. SECTION 23.1041 GENERAL115
246. SECTION 23.1043 COOLING TESTS115
247. SECTION 23.1045 COOLING TEST PROCEDURES FOR TURBINE
ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANES116
248. SECTION 23.1047 COOLING TEST PROCEDURES FOR
RECIPROCATING ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANES119
249.-254. RESERVED122
255. SECTION 23.1091 AIR INDUCTION122
256. SECTION 23.1093 INDUCTION SYSTEM ICING PROTECTION122
257.-265. RESERVED127
266. SECTION 23.1141 POWERPLANT CONTROLS: GENERAL127
267. SECTION 23.1145 IGNITION SWITCHES. (RESERVED)127
268. SECTION 23.1153 PROPELLER FEATHERING CONTROLS127
269.-278. RESERVED127
279. SECTION 23.1189 SHUTOFF MEANS127
280.-285. RESERVED127
CHAPTER 5. EQUIPMENT128
286. (RESERVED)128
287. SECTION 23.1301 FUNCTION AND INSTALLATION128
288. (RESERVED)137
289. SECTION 23.1303 FLIGHT AND NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS137
290. SECTION 23.1305 POWERPLANT INSTRUMENTS138
291. SECTION 23.1307 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT. (RESERVED)138
292. SECTION 23.1309 EQUIPMENT, SYSTEMS, AND INSTALLATIONS.
(RESERVED)138
293.-299. RESERVED138
300. SECTION 23.1311 ELECTRONIC DISPLAY INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS138
301. SECTION 23.1321 ARRANGEMENT AND VISIBILITY. (RESERVED)138
302. SECTION 23.1322 WARNING, CAUTION, AND ADVISORY LIGHTS.
(RESERVED)138
303. SECTION 23.1323 AIRSPEED INDICATING SYSTEM138
vii
304. SECTION 23.1325 STATIC PRESSURE SYSTEM140
305. SECTION 23.1326 PITOT HEAT INDICATION SYSTEMS. (RESERVED) ... 142
306. SECTION 23.1327 MAGNETIC DIRECTION INDICATOR. (RESERVED)... 142
307. SECTION 23.1329 AUTOMATIC PILOT SYSTEM142
308. SECTION 23.1331 INSTRUMENTS USING A POWER SUPPLY.
(RESERVED)142
309. SECTION 23.1335 FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEMS. (RESERVED)142
310. SECTION 23.1337 POWERPLANT INSTRUMENTS142
311.-318. RESERVED143
319. SECTION 23.1351 GENERAL. (RESERVED)143
320. SECTION 23.1353 STORAGE BATTERY DESIGN AND INSTALLATION. .. 143
321. SECTION 23.1357 CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES. (RESERVED)144
322. SECTION 23.1361 MASTER SWITCH ARRANGEMENT144
323. SECTION 23.1367 SWITCHES. (RESERVED)144
324.-328. RESERVED144
329. SECTION 23.1381 INSTRUMENT LIGHTS. (RESERVED)144
330. SECTION 23.1383 LANDING LIGHTS. (RESERVED)144
331.-335. RESERVED144
336. SECTION 23.1411 GENERAL. (RESERVED)144
337. SECTION 23.1415 DITCHING EQUIPMENT. (RESERVED)144
338. SECTION 23.1416 PNEUMATIC DEICER BOOT SYSTEM.
See AC 23.1419-2.144
339. SECTION 23.1419 ICE PROTECTION. See AC 23.1419-2144
340.-349. RESERVED144
350. SECTION 23.1431 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT144
351. SECTION 23.1435 HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS. (RESERVED)145
352. SECTION 23.1441 OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLY. (RESERVED)145
353. SECTION 23.1447 EQUIPMENT STANDARDS FOR OXYGEN
DISPENSING UNITS. (RESERVED)145
354. SECTION 23.1449 MEANS FOR DETERMINING USE OF OXYGEN.
(RESERVED)145
355. SECTION 23.1457 COCKPIT VOICE RECORDERS. (RESERVED)145
356. SECTION 23.1459 FLIGHT RECORDERS. (RESERVED)145
357.-364. RESERVED145
CHAPTER 6. OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION146
365. SECTION 23.1501 GENERAL146
366. SECTION 23.1505 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS146
367. SECTION 23.1507 MANEUVERING SPEED146
368. SECTION 23.1511 FLAP EXTENDED SPEED146
369. SECTION 23.1513 MINIMUM CONTROL SPEED146
370. SECTION 23.1519 WEIGHT AND CENTER OF GRAVITY146
371. SECTION 23.1521 POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS. (RESERVED)146
372. SECTION 23.1523 MINIMUM FLIGHT CREW. (RESERVED)147
373. SECTION 23.1523 MINIMUM FLIGHT CREW147
374. SECTION 23.1524 MAXIMUM PASSENGER SEATING
CONFIGURATION151
375. SECTION 23.1525 KINDS OF OPERATION151
376. SECTION 23.1527 MAXIMUM OPERATING ALTITUDE151
377.-386. RESERVED152
387. SECTION 23.1541 GENERAL152
viii
388. SECTION 23.1543 INSTRUMENT MARKINGS: GENERAL152
389. SECTION 23.1545 AIRSPEED INDICATOR152
390. SECTION 23.1547 MAGNETIC DIRECTION INDICATOR152
391. SECTION 23.1549 POWERPLANT INSTRUMENTS153
392. SECTION 23.1551 OIL QUANTITY INDICATOR. (RESERVED)153
393. SECTION 23.1553 FUEL QUANTITY INDICATOR. (RESERVED)153
394. SECTION 23.1555 CONTROL MARKINGS153
395. SECTION 23.1557 MISCELLANEOUS MARKINGS AND PLACARDS.
(RESERVED)153
396. SECTION 23.1559 OPERATING LIMITATIONS PLACARD.
(RESERVED)153
397. SECTION 23.1561 SAFETY EQUIPMENT153
398. SECTION 23.1563 AIRSPEED PLACARDS153
399. SECTION 23.1567 FLIGHT MANEUVER PLACARD153
400.-409. RESERVED153
410. SECTION 23.1581 GENERAL153
411. SECTION 23.1583 OPERATING LIMITATIONS156
412. SECTION 23.1585 OPERATING PROCEDURES157
413. SECTION 23.1587 PERFORMANCE INFORMATION158
414. SECTION 23.1589 LOADING INFORMATION.
See GAMA Specification 1159
415.-424. RESERVED159
ix
APPENDICES
Appendix Number Figure Number Title Page Number
APPENDIX 1 Power Available A1-1
Figure A1-1 Brake Horsepower Versus Pressure Altitude A1-5 Figure A1-2 Turbocharged Brake Horsepower Versus Altitude A1-7
APPENDIX 2 Climb Data Reduction A2-1
Figure A2-1 Coefficient of Drag Versus Coefficient of Lift A2-3
APPENDIX 3 Minimum Control Speed Extrapolation to Sea Level A3-1
Table A3-1 Flight Test Data A3-3 Table A3-2 Tabulated Thrust Horsepower Available A3-5 Figure A3-1 Thrust Horsepower at Sea Level A3-5
APPENDIX 4 FAR 23 Manuals, Markings and Placards Checklist A4-1
APPENDIX 5 Guide for Preparing Airplane Flight Manual and Pilot’s Operating Handbook Supplements A5-1
APPENDIX 6 Sample Kinds of Operating Equipment List A6-1
APPENDIX 7 Useful Information A7-11
Figure A7-1 U.S. Standard Atmosphere A7-3 Figure A7-2 Temperature Conversion Chart A7-7 Figure A7-3 Determination of Air Temperature in A7-9 Relation to International Standard Atmosphere Figure A7-4 Density/Pressure Altitude Conversion A7-11 Figure A7-5 Compressibility Correction to CAS A7-13 Figure A7-6 Altimeter Error vs. CAS A7-15 Figure A7-7 Temperature Ram Rise A7-17 Figure A7-8 Stall Speed at Bank Angle A7-19 Figure A7-9 Vertical Acceleration Versus Angle of Bank A7-21 Figure A7-10 Flight Path Velocity - Knots (TAS) A7-23
x
Appendix Number Figure Number Title Page Number
Figure A7-11 Takeoff and Landing Crosswind Component
- Knots A7-27
APPENDIX 8 Conversion Factors Table A8-1
APPENDIX 9 Airspeed Calibrations A9-1
Figure A9-1 Error Analysis of Ground Course Method A9-3
Figure A9-2 Ground Airspeed Calibration A9-4 Table A9-1 Sample Speed Course Data and Data Reduction A9-11 Figure A9-3 Sketches of Trailing Static Bomb & the Trailing Static Cone A9-5 Figure A9-4 Typical Position Error Correction Data for an Aircraft A9-6 Figure A9-5 Typical Position Error Corrections Data for an Aircraft A9-7 Figure A9-6 Tower Fly-By Method A9-16 Figure A9-7 Trapped Static Source Schematic A9-21 Table A9-2 Trapped Static Data Reduction A9-23 Figure A9-8 Ground Airspeed Calibration A9-27 Table A9-3 Sample Ground Airspeed Calibration Using a Distance Measuring Unit A9-31
APPENDIX 10 Guide for Determining Climb A10-1 Performance after STC Modifications
xi
ILLUSTRATIONS
The first block of digits in the figure number denotes the associated paragraph number. The second block of digits denotes the figure number within the paragraph.
Figure Number Title Page Number
17-1 Stall Speed 16 17-2 Propeller Coefficients 18 17-3 Zero Thrust 18 21-1 Accelerate-Stop Time Delays 32 23-1 Takeoff Distance - Critical Engine Failure Recognized at V1 40 23-2 Takeoff Distance All Engines Operating 40 23-3 Takeoff Run - Critical Engine Failure Recognized at V1 41 23-4 Takeoff Run - All Engines Operating 41 23-5 Clearway Profiles 42 24-1 Takeoff Segments and Nomenclature 43 24-2 Net Takeoff Flight Path 44 25-1 Observed Data 46 25-2 Rate of Climb vs. Airspeed 47 26-1 Rate of Climb and Speeds 48 27-1 Landing Time Delays 55 51-1 Stick Force Per G 70 70-1 Static Longitudinal Stability Data 73 70-2 Low Speed Instabilities; Normal, Utility, and Acrobatic Airplanes 74 70-3 Low Speed Instabilities; Commuter Airplanes 74 71-1 Static Longitudinal Stability Data over Complete Speed Range 75 72-1 Static Longitudinal Stability Plot (Cruise Condition) 77 100-1 Spin Evaluation Configuration Matrix 93 256-1 Carburetor Air Heat Rise Calculations 125 256-2 Carburetor Air Heat Rise Plots 126
TABLES
The first block of digits in the table number denotes the associated paragraph number. The second block of digits denotes the table number within the paragraph.
Table Number Title Page Number
6-1 Tolerances 3 6-2 Corrections to Standard Value Parameter 3 6-3 Sample Portion of Airspeed Indicator Calibration 5 27-1 WAT Chart 49 51-1 Procedures 69 166-1 Sample of CO-concentration Matrix 107 287-1 Light Duration 131
xii
ADVISORY CIRCULARS Advisory Circular Paragraph Number Title Number
23-7 Substantiation for an Increase in Maximum Weight, Maximum Landing Weight, or Zero Fuel Weight 8a(2) 91-23A Pilot’s Weight and Balance Handbook 9b
23.629-1A Means of Compliance with Section
23.629, “Flutter” 132 23-17 Systems and Equipment Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes
20.118A Emergency Evacuation Demonstration 164 23-16 Powerplant Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes 20-124 Water Ingestion Testing for Turbine Powered Airplanes 255 20-67B Airborne VHF Communications Equipment Installations 287B(1) 25-4 Inertial Navigation systems (INS) 287b(12)(i) 121-13 Self-Contained Navigation Systems 287b(12)(i) (Long Range) 287b(13)(i) 90-79 Recommended Practices and Procedures for the Use of Electronic Long-Range Navigation Equipment 287b(16) 20-121 Airworthiness Approval of Airborne Loran-C Systems for Use in the U.S.
National Airspace System 287b(17) Fuel-Injection, Reciprocating Engines 290c xiii
Advisory Circular Paragraph Number Title Number
23.1419-1 Certification of Small 48b(5) Airplanes for Flight in 337 Icing Conditions 339
20-88A Guidelines on Marking of Aircraft 387c Powerplant Instruments (Displays) 388 20-129 Airworthiness Approval of Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Systems for Use in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) and Alaska 20-130A Airworthiness Approval of Navigation or Flight Management Systems Integrating Multiple Navigation Sensors 20-138 Airworthiness Approval of Global Positioning System Navigation Equipment For Use as a VFR and IFR Supplemental Navigation System
23.1309-1C Equipment, Systems, and Installations in 21c(1) Part 23 Airplanes
23.1311-1A Installation of Electronic Displays in Part 23 Airplanes 90-96 Approval of U.S. Operators and Aircraft 287b(11)(i) to Operate Under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in European Airspace Designated for Basic Area Navigation (BRNAV/RNP-5) 91-49 General Aviation Procedures for Flight in North Atlantic Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications Airspace xiv
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
1. SECTION 23.1 APPLICABILITY.
a. Explanation.
(1) Airplane Categories. Section 23.1(a) is introductory and prescribes the airplane categories eligible for certification under 14 CFR Part 23 . Applicants should refer to 14 CFR Part 21 for certification procedures.
(2) Design Data. Section 23.1(b) requires an applicant to demonstrate compliance by some acceptable means even though the FAA has previously certificated an identical alteration for someone else and has the supporting data on file. Design data submitted with an application for certification is not releasable to the public or any other applicant without the consent of the data holder.
b. Procedures. None.
2. SECTION 23.3 AIRPLANE CATEGORIES.
a. Explanation. For Normal/Utility Category as well as for Commuter Category airplanes, stalls (except whip stalls) are approved maneuvers. In this context, approved stalls are to be understood to be stalls as defined in §§ 23.49, 23.201, and 23.203.
b. Procedures. None.