Appendix E TSO Number Title TSO-C147 Traffic Advisory System (TAS) Airborne Equipment TSO-C151c Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) TSO-C153 Integrated Modular Avionics Hardware Elements TSO-C165 Electronic Map Display Equipment for Graphical Depiction of Aircraft Position TSO-C169a VHF Radio Communications Transceiver Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range 117.975 to 137.000 Megahertz TSO-C198 Automatic Flight Guidance and Control System (AFGCS) Equipment E.
5 Other FAA Documents.
E.5.1 FAA Orders.
You can find the latest version of FAA Order 8110.49, Change 1, Software Approval Guidelines, dated September 28, 2011, at the FAA website.
E.5.2 FAA Policy Statements.
You can find the latest version of the following policies at the FAA Regulatory and Guidance Library:
E.5.2.1 Policy No. PS-ANM-03-111-18, Policy Statement on the Installation of Transport Category Airplane Flightdeck Liquid Crystal Displays, dated August 9, 2006.
E.5.2.2 Policy No. PS-ANM100-01-03A, Factors to Consider When Reviewing an Applicant’s Proposed Human Factors Methods of Compliance for Flight Deck Certification, dated February 7, 2003.
E.5.2.3 Policy No. PS-ANM100-00-113-1034, Use of ARAC (Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee) Recommended Rulemaking Not Yet Formally Adopted by the FAA, as a Basis for Equivalent Level of Safety or Exemption to Part 25, dated January 4, 2001.
E.5.3 FAA Reports.
You can find the latest version of the following FAA reports on the Internet:
E.5.3.1 FAA Report No. DOT/FAA/CT-03/05 HF-STD-001, Human Factors Design Standard (HFDS): For Acquisition of Commercial Off-the-Shelf Subsystems, Non-Developmental Items, and Developmental Systems, dated May 2003.
E-11
Appendix E E.5.3.2 FAA Report No. DOT/FAA/AM-01/17, Human Factors Design Guidelines for Multifunction Displays, dated October 2001.
E.6 ARAC Recommendations.
You can find information about ARAC recommendations at FAA website:
E.6.1 For recommended revisions to existing § 25.1309, see ARAC Task 2 - System Design and Analysis Harmonization and Technology Update.
E.6.2 For recommended revisions to existing § 25.1333(b), see ARAC Task 2 - Cockpit Instrument System. Section 25.1333(b) is one part of the recommendations for this task.
E.7 JAA/EASA Documents.
You can find the EASA documents listed in table E-4 at the EASA website. You can find the JAA documents listed in table E-4 at on the Internet at the IHS Standard Store.
Table E-4. EASA/JAA Documents Number Title EASA AMC 20-4A Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for the Use of Navigation Systems in European Airspace Designated for Basic RNAV Operations EASA AMC 20-5 Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for the Use of the Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) EASA AMC 20-15 Certification Considerations for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System: ACAS II EASA CS AWO All Weather Operations JAA TGL 10 Rev 1 Airworthiness and Operational Approval for Precision RNAV Operations in Designated European Airspace JAA TGL 12 Certification Considerations for the Terrain Awareness Warning System: TAWS E.8 Industry Documents.
The following industry publications provide additional information, guidance, and standards for electronic flight deck display systems.
E-12
Appendix E E.8.1 Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) Documents.
You can purchase the following documents from the ARINC website:
E.8.1.1 ARINC Standard 661-5, Cockpit Display System Interfaces to User Systems, dated July 2013.
E.8.1.2 ARINC Standard 708A-3, Airborne Weather Radar with Forward Looking Windshield Detection Capability, dated November 1999.
E.8.2 European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) Documents.
You can purchase the EUROCAE documents listed in table E-5 by mail from EUROCAE, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240 Malakoff, France; or the EUROCAE website.
Table E-5. EUROCAE Documents Document Title Issued ED-12C Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification January 2012 ED-14G Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment March 2011 ED-75C MASPS: Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation November 2013 ED-79A Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems December 2010 ED-80 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware April 2000 ED-81 Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of Lightning May 1996 and amended August 1999 ED-84A Aircraft Lightning Environment and Related Test Waveforms July 2013 ED-90B Radio Frequency Susceptibility Test Procedures May 2010 ED-91 Aircraft Lightning Zoning July 1998 ED-96 Requirements Specification for an Avionics Computer Resource July 2000 E-13
Appendix E Document Title Issued ED-98B User Requirements for Terrain and Obstacle Data September 2012 ED-107A Guide to Certification of Aircraft in a High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF) Environment July 2010 ED-112A MOPS for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems September 2013 E.8.3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Document.
You can purchase ICAO Doc 8400, Procedures for Air Navigation Services – ICAO Abbreviations and Codes, 8th Edition, 2010, from the ICAO website.
E.8.4 RTCA Documents.
You can purchase the following RTCA, Inc. (formerly the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) documents listed in table E-6 by mail from RTCA Inc., 1150 18th Street NW., Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036; by faxing the Document Order Form to (202) 833-9434; or from the RTCA website.
Table E-6. RTCA Documents Document Title Issued DO-160A through Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Rev G on December 8, DO-160G Airborne Equipment1 2010 DO-178B and Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Rev B on December 1, DO-178C Equipment Certification 1992; Rev C on December 12, 2011 DO-220 and Minimum Operational Performance Standards September 21, 1993;
Change 1 (MOPS) for Airborne Weather Radar with Change 1 on June 23, Forward-Looking Windshear Detection Capability 1995 DO-236B and Minimum Aviation System Performance Rev B on October 28, DO-236C Standards: Required Navigation Performance for 2003; Rev C on Area Navigation June 9, 2013 DO-239 Minimum Operational Performance Standards for April 2, 1997 Traffic Information Service (TIS) Data Link Communications 1See AC 21-16G, which outlines guidance on environmental qualification. Typically, any revision of DO-160 after DO-160D Change 3 is satisfactory.
E-14
Appendix E Document Title Issued DO-243 Guidance for Initial Implementation of Cockpit Display of Traffic Information February 19, 1998 DO-253C Minimum Operational Performance Standards for GPS Local Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment December 16, 2008 DO-254 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware April 19, 2000 DO-255 Requirements Specification for Avionics Computer Resource (ACR) June 20, 2000 DO-257A Minimum Operational Performance Standards for the Depiction of Navigational Information on Electronic Maps June 25, 2003 DO-259 Applications Descriptions for Initial Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) Applications September 13, 2000 DO-267A Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Flight Information Services–Broadcast (FIS-B) Data Link April 29, 2004 DO-268 Concept of Operations, Night Vision Imaging System for Civil Operators March 27, 2001 DO-275 Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Integrated Night Vision Imaging System Equipment October 12, 2001 DO-282B Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast December 2, 2009 DO-283A Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation October 28, 2003 DO-286B Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Traffic Information Service–Broadcast (TIS-B) October 11, 2007 E-15
Appendix E Document Title Issued DO-289 and Change 1 Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA) December 9, 2003;
Change 1 on December 13, 2006 DO-296 Safety Requirements Standard for Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) Datalink Messages October 19, 2004 DO-325 Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Automatic Flight Guidance and Control Systems and Equipment December 8, 2010 E.8.5 SAE International Documents.
You can purchase the following SAE International (formerly Society of Automotive Engineers) documents listed in table E-7 by mail from SAE Customer Service, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15096; by faxing your order information to
(724) 776-0790; or from the SAE website. Please note that the time of publication of this AC, the SAE documents have not been updated to reflect supercooled large drop analyses and testing but provide good reference material.
Note: In the event of conflicting information, this AC takes precedence as guidance for certification of transport category airplane installations.
Table E-7. SAE International Documents.
Document Title AIR818D Aircraft Instrument and Instrument System Standards: Wording, Terminology, Phraseology, and Environmental and Design Standards for AIR1093A Numeral, Letter and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARD50017 Aeronautical Charting ARD50062 Human Factors Issues Associated with Terrain Separation Assurance Display Technology ARP426A Compass System Installations ARP571C Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft E-16
Appendix E Document Title ARP926B Fault/Failure Analysis Procedure ARP1161A Crew Station Lighting—Commercial Aircraft ARP1782B Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View CRT ARP1834A Fault/Failure Analysis for Digital Systems and Equipment ARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4032A Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays ARP4033 Pilot-System Integration ARP4101 Flight Deck Layout and Facilities ARP4102 Flight Deck Panels, Controls, and Displays ARP4102/7 Electronic Displays ARP4102/8A Flight Deck Head-Up Displays ARP4102/15A Electronic Data Management System (EDMS) ARP4103 Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP4105C Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms for Use on the Flight Deck ARP4256A Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4260A Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Electronic Flat Panel Displays ARP4754A Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft Systems ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment ARP5056 Flight Crew Interface Considerations in the Flight Deck Design Process for Part 25 Aircraft ARP5287 Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD) 10/07/14 AC 25-11B E-17
Appendix E Document Title ARP5288 Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems ARP5289A Electronic Aeronautical Symbols ARP5364 Human Factor Considerations in the Design of Multifunction Display Systems for Civil Aircraft ARP5365 Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information ARP5412A Aircraft Lightning Environment and Related Test Waveforms ARP5413A Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of Lightning ARP5414A Aircraft Lightning Zoning ARP5415A User’s Manual for Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of Lighting AS425C Nomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight Deck AS439A Stall Warning Instrument (Turbine Powered Subsonic Aircraft) AS8034B Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays AS8055 Minimum Performance Standard f or Airborne Head Up Display (HUD) E.9 Other Documents.
You may purchase Colorimetry, 3rd edition, Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage, CIE publication 15:2004, from the CIE website.
E-18
Appendix F APPENDIX F. HEAD-UP DISPLAYS (HUDS) F.1 Introduction.
F.1.1 Purpose.
This appendix provides additional guidance related to the unique aspects, characteristics, and functions of head-up displays (HUDs) for transport category airplanes. This appendix also addresses issues related to the design, analysis, and testing of HUDs. It addresses HUDs that are designed for a variety of different operational concepts and functions. This guidance applies to HUDs that are intended to be used as a supplemental display in which the HUD contains the minimum information immediately required for the operational task associated with the intended function. It also applies to HUDs that are intended to be used effectively as primary flight displays.
This appendix addresses both the installation of a single HUD, typically used by the left-side pilot, as well as special considerations related to dual HUDs, one for each pilot.
This appendix does not provide the guidance for display of vision system (e.g., enhanced flight vision systems (EFVS) and synthetic vision systems (SVS)) video on the HUD. The airworthiness requirements and means of compliance criteria for display of video on the HUD may be found in special conditions issued by the FAA and the current version of AC 20-167, Airworthiness Approval of Enhanced Vision System, Synthetic Vision System, Combined Vision System, and Enhanced Flight Vision System Equipment.
F.1.2 Definition of Head-Up Display.
A HUD is a display system that projects primary flight information (for example, attitude, air data, and guidance) on a transparent screen (combiner) in the pilot’s forward field-of-view (FOV), between the pilot and the windshield. This allows the pilot to simultaneously use the flight information while looking along the forward path out the windshield, without scanning the head-down displays (HDDs). The flight information symbols should be presented as a virtual image focused at optical infinity.
Attitude and flight path symbology needs to be conformal (that is, aligned and scaled) with the outside view.
F.1.3 Other Resources.
For guidance associated with specific operations using HUDs, such as low visibility approach and landing operations, see the relevant requirements and guidance material
(e.g., European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Certifications Specifications for All Weather Operations (CS-AWO), and AC 120-28D, Criteria for Approval of Category III Weather Minima for Takeoff, Landing, and Rollout). In addition, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 5288, Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems; SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) 8055, Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD); and SAE ARP5287, Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head Up Display; provide guidance for designing and evaluating HUDs.
F-1
Appendix F F.2 Unique Safety Considerations.
F.2.1 Airplane and Systems Safety.
F.2.1.1 Systems. Installing HUD systems in flight decks may introduce complex functional interrelationships among the flightcrew members and other display and control systems. Consequently, a functional hazard assessment that requires a top-down approach from an airplane-level perspective should be developed in accordance with Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 25.1309. Developing a functional hazard assessment for a particular installation requires careful consideration of the role that the HUD plays within the flight deck in terms of integrity of function and availability of function, as well the operational concept of the installation to be certified (e.g., dual- versus single-HUD installation and the type and amount of information displayed). Chapter 4 of this AC provides material that may be useful in preparing the functional hazard assessment.
F.2.1.2 Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Procedures. All alleviating flightcrew actions that are considered in the HUD safety analysis need to be validated for incorporation into the AFM procedures section or for inclusion in type-specific training.
F.2.1.3 Availability of Primary Flight Information. There might be failure conditions that result in a loss of all but one display of primary flight information. For such a condition, one HUD as the only remaining display could not comply with § 25.1333(b), since the HUD is visible only to one pilot. The rule requires that, after the loss of other flight information displays, the “one display of the information essential to the safety of flight” remain available to both pilots, not just one pilot.
F.2.2 Crew Safety.
F.2.2.1 Prevention of Head Injury. HUD equipment introduces potential hazards that are not traditionally associated with head-down electronic flight deck displays. The HUD system must be designed and installed to prevent the possibility of pilot injury in the event of an accident or any other foreseeable circumstance such as turbulence, hard landing, or bird strike.
For airplanes with § 25.562 in the certification basis, the HUD installation, including the overhead unit and combiner, must comply with the head injury criteria defined in § 25.562(c)(5). A HUD combiner with a swing-arm deployment mechanism should be designed to avoid false detents and flash latch indications between the fully stowed and deployed positions. A mis-stowed combiner could swing inadvertently into the path of the pilot’s head and cause injury. Additionally, the HUD installation must comply with the occupant injury requirements of § 25.785(d) and (k) and the retention requirements of § 25.789(a).
F-2
Appendix F F.2.2.2 Special Considerations for Dual-HUD Installations. For dual-HUD installations, the applicant must address single events that could simultaneously incapacitate both pilots and, therefore, become safety-of-flight issues. Examples of such single events are flight or gust loads, a hard landing, or emergency landing. The FAA may need to provide an issue paper providing project-specific means of compliance if the installation geometry indicates that such events may produce occupant contact with the HUD installation.
F.2.2.3 Noninterference with Emergency Equipment. Sections 25.803, 25.1411, and 25.1447 require that the HUD installation must not interfere with, or restrict the use of, other installed equipment such as emergency oxygen masks, headsets, or microphones. The installation of the HUD must not adversely affect the emergency egress provisions for the flightcrew, or significantly interfere with flightcrew access. The system must not hinder the flightcrew’s movement while conducting any flight procedures.
F.3 Design.
F.3.1 Intended Function of HUDs.
The applicant is responsible for identifying the intended function of the HUD. The description of the intended function should include the operational phases of flight and concept of operation, including how, when, and for what purpose(s) the HUD is to be used. For example, the HUD may display situational information and/or guidance information, be a supplemental display of primary flight information in all phases of flight, display command guidance for Category II, manual, and/or monitoring autopilot-coupled instrument approaches, display guidance for visibility takeoff, and/or display enhanced vision imagery and synthetic vision video. See paragraph 2.4 of the AC for additional guidance.
F.3.1.1 General. In most applications, HUDs provide an indication of primary flight references that allow the pilot to rapidly evaluate the airplane attitude, energy status, and position during the phases of flight for which the HUD is designed. HUDs are usually designed to present information to enhance pilot performance in such phases of flight as during the transition between instrument and visual flight conditions with variable outside visibility conditions. While HUDs may be designed to display enhanced and synthetic visual imagery, particular means of compliance guidance for this purpose is not found in this appendix. See AC 20-167 for guidance.
F.3.1.2 Display of Primary Flight Information.
F.3.1.2.1 HUD as de facto Primary Flight Display. If a HUD displays primary flight information, it is considered a de facto primary flight display while the pilot is using it, even if it is not the pilot’s sole display of this information.
The pilot should be able to easily recognize the primary flight information;
F-3
Appendix F it should not be ambiguous or confusing when taking into account information on other flight deck displays.
F.3.1.2.2 Applicable Instrument Requirements for HUD. Primary flight information displayed on the HUD should comply with all the requirements associated with such information in part 25 (e.g., § 25.1303(b) for flight and navigation instruments that must be visible from each pilot station and § 25.1333(b) for the operational requirements of those systems).
Section 25.1321(b) specifies the requirements for arranging primary flight information. For specific guidance regarding the display of primary flight information, see the main body and appendix A of this AC.
F.3.1.3 Display of Other Flight Information. Additional information may be related to the display of command guidance or specific flight parameter information needed for operating the airplane by reference to the HUD.
F.3.1.3.1 Command Guidance. When the HUD is used to display flight guidance, either for manual control or for monitoring the autopilot, it should display the following information:
• Path deviation indications based on sources of raw data that are independent from those used by the autopilot.
• Autopilot operating mode.
• Autopilot engage status.
• Autopilot disconnect warning (visual).
F.3.1.3.2 Flight Parameter Information. The HUD should also display additional flight parameter information if required to enable the pilot to operate the airplane during phases of flight for which the HUD is approved. This additional information may include:
• Flight path indication.
• Target airspeed references and speed limit indications.
• Target altitude references and altitude awareness (e.g., decision height and minimum descent altitude) indications.
• Heading or course references.
F.3.2 HUD Controls.
F.3.2.1 Control Placement. For compliance with § 25.777, the flightcrew must be able to see, identify, and reach the means of controlling the HUD, including its configuration and display modes, from the normal seated position. To comply with §§ 25.777 and 25.1301, the position and movement of the HUD controls must not lead to inadvertent operation.
F.3.2.2 Control Illumination. To comply with § 25.1381, the HUD controls must be adequately illuminated for all normal ambient lighting conditions and F-4