Appendix E
• A proposed project schedule, identifying all major milestones, for meeting the compliance dates of this rule.
• A proposed means of compliance with this section, identifying all required deliverables, including all compliance items and all data to be developed to substantiate compliance. If any affected person has already initiated compliance, the FAA Oversight Office will review the results of those efforts to ensure that the results are acceptable.
• A detailed explanation of how the proposed means will be shown to comply with this section if the affected person proposes a means of compliance that differs from that described in FAA advisory material.
• A proposal for how the approved ICA will be made available to affected persons.
It should be noted that this section applies not only to domestic TC holders and applicants, but also to foreign TC holders and applicants. In this sense, this section is different from most type certification programs, where foreign applicants typically work with their responsible certification authority, and the FAA relies on that authority’s findings of compliance under bilateral airworthiness agreements. Since this rulemaking is not harmonized in all cases, the FAA will make all the necessary compliance determinations, and where appropriate we may accept findings of compliance made by the appropriate foreign authorities using procedures developed under the bilateral agreements. The compliance planning provisions of this section are equally important for domestic and foreign TC holders and applicants, and we will work with the foreign authorities to ensure that their TC holders and applicants perform the planning necessary to comply with the requirements of this section.
One of the items required in the plan is, “If the proposed means of compliance differs from that described in FAA advisory material, a detailed explanation of how the proposed means will comply with this section.” FAA advisory material is never mandatory because it describes one means, but not the only means of compliance. In the area of type certification, applicants frequently propose acceptable alternatives to the means described in advisory circulars. But when an applicant chooses to comply by an alternative means, it is important to identify this as early as possible in the certification process to provide an opportunity to resolve any issues that may arise that could lead to delays in the certification schedule.
The same is true for this requirement. As discussed earlier, TC holder compliance with this section on time is necessary to enable operators to comply with the operational requirements of this NPRM. Therefore, this item in the plan would enable the FAA Oversight Office to identify and resolve any issues that may arise with the TC holder's proposal without jeopardizing the TC holder's ability to comply with this section by the compliance time.
As of the date of this proposal, certain TC holders have voluntarily started to develop the EWIS EZAP that would be required by proposed § 25.1805. An EZAP has been completed on certain transport category airplanes. Although the EZAP used by those TC holders may not be the version outlined in AC120-XX, it is similar. The FAA would expect that after issuance of the final rule, these TC holders would either submit a plan proposing revisions to the EZAP for those model airplanes to be consistent with the guidance given in AC120-XX, or use the E-21
Appendix E planning process to show that their EZAP complies with this section. The FAA Oversight Office will then review the results of those efforts to ensure that the results are acceptable for compliance with this section.
Section 25.1805(e) requires that TC holders and applicants correct a deficient plan, or deficiencies in implementing the plan, in a manner identified by the FAA Oversight Office.
Before the FAA formally notifies a TC holder or applicant of deficiencies, however, we will have communicated with them to try to achieve a complete mutual understanding of the deficiencies and means of correcting them. Therefore, the notification referred to in this paragraph should document the agreed corrections.
Because operators’ ability to comply with the applicable operational rules will be dependent on TC holders’ and applicants’ compliance with § 25.1805, the FAA will carefully monitor their compliance and take appropriate action if they fail to achieve compliance. Failure to comply within the specified time would constitute a violation of the requirements and may subject the violator to certificate action to amend, suspend, or revoke the affected certificate in accordance with 49 U.S.C. § 44709. In accordance with 49 U.S.C. § 46301, it may also subject the violator to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000 per day per TC until § 25.1805 is complied with.”
3. Operating Requirements.
a. Part 119.
(1) § 119.3 Definitions Maximum payload capacity means:
(1) For an aircraft for which a maximum zero fuel weight is prescribed in FAA technical specifications, the maximum zero fuel weight, less empty weight, less all justifiable aircraft equipment, and less the operating load (consisting of minimum flightcrew, foods and beverages, and supplies and equipment related to foods and beverages, but not including disposable fuel or oil).
(2) For all other aircraft, the maximum certificated takeoff weight of an aircraft, less the empty weight, less all justifiable aircraft equipment, and less the operating load (consisting of minimum fuel load, oil, and flightcrew). The allowance for the weight of the crew, oil, and fuel is as follows:
(i) Crew—for each crewmember required by Federal Aviation Regulations— (A) For male flight crewmembers—180 pounds.
(B) For female flight crewmembers—140 pounds.
(C) For male flight attendants—180 pounds.
E-22
Appendix E (D) For female flight attendants—130 pounds.
(E) For flight attendants not identified by gender—140 pounds.
(ii) Oil—350 pounds or the oil capacity as specified on the Type Certificate Data Sheet.
(iii) Fuel—the minimum weight of fuel required by the applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for a flight between domestic points 174 nautical miles apart under VFR weather conditions that does not involve extended overwater operations.
E-23
Appendix F
Appendix F
1. Background.
a. Over the years there have been a number of in-flight smoke and fire events where contaminants ignited by electrical faults allowed the fire to be sustained and spread. The FAA and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) have conducted aircraft inspections and found wiring contaminated with items such as dust, dirt, metal shavings, lavatory waste water, coffee, soft drinks, and napkins. Sometimes wire bundles and surrounding areas have been found to be completely covered with dust.
b. In recent years Federal government and industry groups have realized that current maintenance practices may not be enough to address aging non-structural systems. Over time, insulation can crack or breach, thus exposing the conductor. While age is not the sole cause of wire degradation, the likelihood of EWIS damage from inadequate maintenance, contamination, improper repair, or mechanical damage increases over time. Examples include the practice of needling wires to test the continuity or voltage, and using a metal wire or rod as a guide to feed new wires into an existing bundle. These practices could cause a breach in the wiring insulation that can contribute to arcing.
c. Research has shown that maintenance work on other aircraft systems can cause collateral damage to nearby wiring. Normal maintenance actions, even using acceptable methods, techniques, and practices, can, over time, contribute to wire degradation. A person inspecting an electrical power center or avionics compartment, for example, may inadvertently cause damage to wiring in a nearby area. Zones of an airplane subject to a high level of maintenance activity display more deterioration of wiring insulation. Undisturbed wiring will have less degradation than wiring that is disturbed during maintenance.
d. Typical analytical methods used for developing maintenance programs have not provided a focus on wiring. As a result, most operators have not adequately addressed EWIS deterioration in their programs. We have reviewed current inspection philosophies to identify improvements that could lead to a more consistent application of inspection requirements, whether for zonal, stand-alone GVI, or DET inspections, as they relate to airplane wiring.
e. We believe it would be valuable to provide guidance on the type of deterioration a person performing a GVI, DET, or zonal inspection could expect to discover. Though it may be assumed that all operators provide such guidance to their affected personnel, it is evident that significant variations exist, and a significant enhancement to wiring inspection could be obtained if standardized guidance material existed. Achievement of the objectives of this AC is dependent on each operator conducting GVI and DET inspections as defined in this document.
These definitions should be incorporated in operators’ training material and in the introductory section of maintenance planning documentation.
F-1
Appendix G
Appendix G
1. Related Regulations and Documents.
a. Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts and specific regulations.
(1) You can download an electronic copy of 14 CFR from the Internet at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/. A paper copy can be ordered by sending a request to the U.S.
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-0001, or by calling telephone number (202) 512-1800; or by sending a request by facsimile to
(202) 512-2250.
(2) Part 21—Certification Procedures for Products and Parts.
(a) Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 88—Fuel Tank System Fault Tolerance Evaluation Requirements
(3) Part 25—Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes.
(a) Subpart H—Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS)
(b) Appendix H to Part 25—Instructions for Continued Airworthiness
(4) Part 43—Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration.
(a) § 43.13 Performance rules (general).
(5) Part 119—Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators.
b. Advisory Circulars (ACs).
(1) The following advisory circulars also provide information that may support the method of compliance established by this AC. They are stored on the Internet in the FAA’s Regulatory & Guidance Library (RGL), a set of searchable databases containing regulatory, guidance, and aviation product information. The RGL contains certain Federal Aviation Regulations and Special Federal Aviation Regulations (SFAR) from 14 CFR in their current versions as well as historical versions.
(2) You can download an electronic copy of the latest version of the following ACs and policy from the Internet at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/.
• 25-8, Auxiliary Fuel System Installation
• 25-16, Electrical Fault and Fire Prevention and Protection
• 25.981-1B, Fuel Tank Ignition Source Prevention Guidelines G-1
Appendix G
• 25.1701-1, Certification of Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems on Transport Category Airplanes
• 26-1, Part 26, Continued Airworthiness and Safety Improvements
• 43-12A, Preventive Maintenance
• 43.13-1B, Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices—Aircraft Inspection and Repair
• 43-204, Visual Inspection for Aircraft
• 43-206, Inspection, Prevention, Control, and Repair of Corrosion on Avionics Equipment
• 65-15A, Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook, Chapter 11, Aircraft Electrical Systems
• 120-16D, Air Carrier Maintenance Programs
• 120-94, Aircraft Electrical Wiring Systems Training Program
• 120-97, Incorporation of Fuel Tank System Instructions for Continued Airworthiness into Operator Maintenance or Inspeciton Program
• 120-99, Incorporation of Electrical Wiring Interconnection System (EWIS) Instructions for Continued Airworthiness into the Operator’s Maintenance Program (EAPAS AC 120-99 was not yet final at the time this AC was issued.)
• 121.22A, Maintenance Review Board Procedures
c. Policy and Orders.
(1) You can download an electronic copy of the latest version of the following policy and order from the Internet at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/:
• FAA Policy Statement ANM112-05-001, “Process for Developing SFAR 88-related Instructions for Maintenance and Inspection of Fuel Tank Systems” (69 FR 60170)
• FAA Order 8110.104, “Responsibilities and Requirements for Implementing Part 26 Safety Initiatives”
d. Reports.
• “Transport Aircraft Intrusive Inspection Project, (An Analysis of the Wire Installations of Six Decommissioned Aircraft), Final Report,” The Intrusive Inspection Working G-2
Appendix G
Group, Aging Transport Systems Rulemaking Advisory Committee, December 29, 2000, http://www.mitrecaasd.org/atsrac/intrusive_inspection.html.
• FAA Aging Transport Non-Structural Systems Plan, July 1998, http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/design_approvals/transport/Aging_Aircraft/media/aging_tra nsport_plan.pdf.
• National Transportation Safety Board Safety Recommendations A-00-105 through -108, September 19, 2000, http://www.ntsb.gov/recs/letters/2000/A00_105_108.pdf.
• Wire System Safety Interagency Working Group, National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology, “Review of Federal Programs for Wire System Safety, Final Report” (2000), http://www.ostp.gov/html/wire_rpt.pdf.
• Aging Systems Task Force, Aging Transport Systems Task 1 & 2 Final Report, August 1, 2000, http://www.mitrecaasd.org/atsrac/final_reports/Task_1&2_Final%20_August_2000.pdf.
• Aging Transport Systems Rulemaking Advisory Committee Task 3 Final Report, March 26, 2001, http://www.mitrecaasd.org/atsrac/final_reports/Task_3_Final.pdf.
• Aging Transport Systems Rulemaking Advisory Committee Task Group 4 Final Report, Standard Wiring Practices, September 28, 2000, http://www.mitrecaasd.org/atsrac/final_reports/Task_4_Final_Report_Sept_2000.pdf.
• Aging Transport Systems Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ATSRAC) Task 5 Final Report, Aircraft Wiring Systems Training Curriculum and Lesson Plans, March 9, 2001, http://www.mitrecaasd.org/atsrac/final_reports/Task_5_Final_March_2001%20.pdf.
• ATA Specification 117, Wiring Maintenance Practices/Guidelines, http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/Aircraft_Wire/ATAonwiring.html.
e. Other Documents.
• Operator/Manufacturer Scheduled Maintenance Development, Revision 2009.1, ATA Maintenance Steering Group (MSG-3). (May be obtained from the Air Transport Association of America; Suite 1100, 1301 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20004-1707.)
G-3
Appendix H
Appendix H
1. EZAP Worksheets for Use by Applicants.
• EZAP Worksheet 1: Enhanced Zonal Analysis – Details of Zone
• EZAP Worksheet 2: Enhanced Zonal Analysis – Assesment of Zone Attributes
• EZAP Worksheet 3A – For Airplane Models with a Dedicated Zonal Inspection Program (ZIP): Enhanced Zonal Analysis – Inspection Level Determination Based on Zone Size, Density, and Potential Impact of Fire
• EZAP Worksheet 3B – For Programs without a Dedicated Zonal Inspection Program (ZIP): Enhanced Zonal Analysis – Inspection Level Determination Based on Zone Size, Density, and Potential Impact of Fire
• EZAP Worksheet 4: Enhanced Zonal Analysis – Interval Determination Based on Hostility of Environment and Likelihood of Accidental Damage
• EZAP Worksheet 5: Task Summary H-1
EZAP WORKSHEET 1 05/04/10 Enhanced Zonal Analysis - Details of Zone (steps 1 and 2 of figure 1) Zone Number: Zone Description:
Hydraulic plumbing Comments Hydraulic component (valves, actuators, pumps) Pneumatic plumbing Pneumatic components (valves, actuators) EWIS - power feeder (high voltage, high amperage) EWIS - motor driven devices H-2 EWIS - instrumentation and monitoring EWIS - data bus Electrical components Primary flight control mechanisms Secondary flight control mechanisms Engine control mechanisms Fuel system components Insulation Oxygen system components Potable water system components Appendix H AC 25-27A Waste water system components
EZAP WORKSHEET 2 05/04/10 Enhanced Zonal Analysis - Assessment of Zone Attributes (steps 3 through 7 of figure 1) Zone Number: Zone Description:
Answers and Explanations NO (Notes: Steps 1 and 2 completed on worksheet 1)
3. Does the zone No further action is contain EWIS? YES necessary
3.
NO . Is wiring or other NO
4. Are there, or are there EWIS components likely to be, close to both primary combustibles in the YES AND back-up hydraulic, YES zone? mechanical, or electrical flight controls?
5. Is there an effective NO 8. EWIS inspection task to significantly tasks determination.
reduce the likelihood of accumulation of YES 3A and 3B See worksheets combustible materials?
6.
6. Define task and interval. List on Continue the analysis 7. Appendix H AC 25-27A worksheet 5, Task Summary area
EZAP WORKSHEET 3A - For Airplane Models with a Dedicated Zonal Inspection Program (ZIP) 05/04/10 Enhanced Zonal Analysis - Inspection Level Determination Based on Zone Size, Density, and Potential Impact of Fire (step 8 of figure 1, refer to figure 2) Zone Number: Zone Description:
Density / Zone Size —→ Zone Size Inspection Level Determination Based on Potential Effect of Fire in the Zone + Assessment Small Medium Large → Size / Density Factor 1 3 Low 1 2 Low Zonal GVI Zonal GVI Zonal GVI Density Medium 2 2 Potential Zonal GVI + Zonal GVI + Effects of Fire Medium Zonal GVI stand-alone GVI of stand-alone GVI of in the Zone some EWIS some EWIS High 2 Zonal GVI + Zonal GVI + Zonal GVI + High stand-alone GVI of stand-alone GVI and/or stand-alone GVI and/or some EWIS DET of some EWIS DET of some EWIS Circle appropriate result & insert below RESULT Circle appropriate result and answer questions in the boxes below YES Answers and Explanations
1. Is a zonal GVI alone 2. List zone effective for the entire description and zone?* boundaries for zonal GVI
3. Define specific items/areas in the 2 Zonal GVI must be zone for which a augmented with a stand-alone GVI is stand-alone GVI and/or a DET justified inspection
• If answer to box 1 is "YES," answer box 2 only and then continue the analysis on worksheet 4 in order items/areas in the 4. Define specific zone for which a DET Appendix H AC 25-27A to determine the task interval. is justified If answer to box 1 is "NO," answer boxes 2, 3, and 4 and then continue the analysis on Worksheet 4 in order to determine the task interval.
EZAP WORKSHEET 3B - For Programs without a Dedicated Zonal Inspection Program (ZIP) 05/04/10 Enhanced Zonal Analysis - Inspection Level Determination Based on Zone Size, Density, and Potential Impact of Fire (step 8 of figure 1, refer to figure 2) Zone Number: Zone Description:
Density / Zone Size -• Zone Size Inspection Level Determination Based on Potential Effect of Fire in the Zone
• Assessment Small Medium Large • Size / Density Factor 2 Low 1 2 GVI of all EWIS in zone at GVI of all EWIS in zone at GVI of all EWIS in zone at Low same interval same interval same interval Density Medium 2 2 Effects of Potential Medium GVI of all EWIS in zone at same interval same interval + GVI of some GVI of all EWIS in zone at EWIS at more frequent GVI of all EWIS in zone at same interval + GVI of some EWIS at more Fire in the Zone interval frequent interval High 3 GVI of all EWIS in zone at GVI of all EWIS in zone at GVI of all EWIS in zone at same interval + GVI of some same interval + GVI of some High same interval + GV of some EWIS at more EWIS at more frequent EWIS at more frequent Circle appropriate result & insert below frequent interval interval and/or DET of some EWIS interval and/or DET of some EWIS RESULT Circle appropriate result and answer questions in the boxes below YES Answers and Explanations
1. Is a GVI alone 2. List zone effective for all EWIS in description and the zone at the same NO boundaries for GVI of interval?* all EWIS in the zone
3. Define specific items/areas in the zone for which GVI at Some EWIS requires more frequent GVI at more frequent interval is justified interval and/or DET inspection
4. Define specific * If answer to box 1 is "YES," answer box 2 only and then continue the analysis on worksheet 4 in order to items/areas in the zone for which a DET Appendix H AC 25-27A determine the task interval. is justified If answer to box 1 is "NO." answer boxes 2, 3, and 4, and then continue the analysis on Worksheet 4 in order to determine the task interval.