demonstrate that the test squibs (that are more EMI sensitive than the squibs specified for use in the QRS) do not inadvertently operate during the test.
(viii) Section 27.865(c)(3) Placarding and marking. For jettisonable HEC applications, the associated QRS placarding should be given special consideration to assure the proper level of occupant safety.
(8) Cargo hooks or equivalent devices and their related systems. All cargo hooks or equivalent devices should be approved to acceptable aircraft industry standards.
The applicant should present these standards, and any related manufacturer's certificates of production or qualification as part of the approval package.
(i) General. Cargo hook systems should have the same reliability goals and should be functionally demonstrated under critical loads for NHEC and HEC, as appropriate. All engagement and release modes should be demonstrated. If the hook is used as a quick-release device, then release of critical loads should be demonstrated under conditions that simulate maximum allowable bank angles and speeds and any other critical operating conditions. Demonstration of any re-latching features and any safety or warning devices should also be conducted. Demonstration of actual in-flight emergency quick-release capability may not be necessary if the quick-release capability can be acceptably simulated by other means.
Notes: Cargo hook manufacturers specify particular shapes, sizes, and cross sections for lifting eyes to assure compatibility with their hook design (e.g., Breeze Eastern Service Bulletin CAB-100-41). Experience has shown that, under certain conditions, a load may inadvertently hang up because of improper geometry at the hook-to-eye interface that will not allow the eye to slide off an open hook as intended.
For both NHEC and HEC designs, the phenomena of hook dynamic roll-out (inadvertent opening of the hook latch and subsequent release of the load) should be considered to assure that QRS reliability goals are not compromised. This is of particular concern for HEC applications. Hook dynamic roll-out occurs during certain ground handling and flight conditions that may allow the lifting eye to work its way out of the hook.
Hook dynamic roll-out typically occurs when either the RLs sling or harness is not properly attached to the hook, is blown by down draft, is dragged along the ground or through water; or is otherwise placed into the dangerous hookto-eye configuration.
The potential for hook dynamic roll-out can be minimized in design by specifying particular hook-and-eye shape and cross-section combinations.
For non-jettisonable RLS, a pin can be used to lock the hook keeper in place during operations.
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AC 27-1B, Chg 7 2/4/2016 Some cargo hook systems may employ two or more cargo hooks for safety.
These systems are approvable. However, loss of any load by a single hook should be shown to not result in loss of control of the rotorcraft. In a dual hook system, if the hook itself is the quick-release device (i.e., if a single release point does not exist in the load path between the rotorcraft and the dual hooks), the pilot should have a dual PQRS that includes selectable, colocated individual quick releases that are independent for each hook used. A BQRS should also be present for each hook. For cargo hook systems with more than two hooks, either a single release point should be present in the load path between the rotorcraft and the multiple hook system, or multiple PQRS and BQRSs should be present.
(ii) Jettisonable cargo hook systems. For jettisonable applications, each cargo hook - (A) Should have a sufficient amount of slack in the control cable to permit cargo hook movement without tripping the hook release.
(B) Should be shown to be reliable (see paragraph d. (1)).
(C) For HEC systems, unless the cargo hook is to be the primary quick-release device, each cargo hook should be designed so that operationally induced loads cannot inadvertently release the load. For example, a simple cargo hook should have a one-way, spring-loaded gate (i.e., "snap hook") that allows load attachment going into the gate but does not allow the gate to open (and subsequently lose the HEC) when an operationally induced load is applied in the opposite direction.
For HEC applications, cargo hooks that also serve as a quick-release device should be carefully reviewed to assure they are reliable.
(ili) Other load release types. In some current configurations, such as those used for high line (or long line) operations, a load release may be present that is not on the rotorcraft but is a remote release system. The long lines allow the pilot to not release the line itself during repetitive loading operations. Examples are a tension release device that lets out line under an operationally induced load, a personal rope cutter or dedicated switches at the pilot controls. The release of the load through the secondary hook on a long line presents additional risks due to the possibility of the long line to impact the tail or main rotor after a release due to its elasticity. These devices are acceptable if the:
(A) off-rotorcraft release is considered a "third release." This type of release is not a substitute for a required release (i.e., PQRS or BQRS);
(B) cargo hook release, and the long line release are placed on the primary controls in a way to avoid confusion during operation. One example of compliance would be to place the cargo hook release on the cyclic and the long line release on the collective to avoid any possible confusion in the operation;
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(C) RFM or RFMS includes a description of the new control in the cockpit and its function and an RFM or RFMS note to the pilot is included indicating that the helicopter hook emergency release procedures are tully applicable;
(D) release meets the same certification reliability criteria adopted for the helicopter certified hook, as well as other relevant requirements of § 27.865 and the methods of this guidance or equivalent methods; and (E) release has no operational or failure modes that would affect continued safe flight and landing under any operations, critical failure modes, conditions, or combination of either. The following points should be considered:
(1) The long line should not be of an elastic material allowing spring up when unloaded or elevated dynamics when loaded.
(2) The long line should have a residual weight allowing its release from the helicopter hook when the long line is unloaded.
(3) The RFM or RFMS should include all operating procedures to ensure that the long line does not impact the rotors after cargo release and during unloaded flight phases.
(4) The hook should be designed to minimize inadvertent activation.
An example may be a protective device (cage) around the locking mechanism of the long line hook.
(5) A means should be provided to prevent fouling of cables in the event of rotation of the external load. An example may be the inclusion of a swivel or slipring.
(6) Installation of long line provided with electrical wiring to control the hook will generally represent a new electromagnetic coupling path from external area to the internal systems that may not have been considered for type certification. As such, the impact of this installation on the coupling to helicopter systems, due to direct connection or cross talk to wirings, must be addressed as part of compliance with §
27.610, 27.1316 and 27.1317.
(9) Cable
(i) Cable attachment. Either the cable should be positively attached to the hoist drum and the attachment should have ultimate load capability or equivalent means should be provided to minimize the possibility of inadvertent, complete cable unspooling.
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AC 27-1B, Chg 7 2/4/2016
(ii) Cable length and marking. A length of cable nearest the cable's attachment to the hoist drum should be visually marked to indicate to the operator that the cable is near full extension. The length of cable to be marked is a function of the maximum extension speed of the system and the operator's reaction time needed to prevent cable run out. It should be determined during certification demonstration tests.
In no case should the length be less than 3-1/2 drum circumferences.
(ili) Cable stops. Means should be present to automatically stop cable movement quickly when the system's extension and retraction operational limits are reached.
(10) Section 27.865(c)(2) PCDS. For all HEC applications, an approved PCDS is required. The PCDS may be either previously approved or is required to be approved during certification. A PCDS may also be approved after the external load system certification. Including a limitation in the RFM or RFMS requiring an approved PCDS will permit more flexibility for operators to utilize their own approved PCDS (see paragraph d. (4) of this guidance). In either case, its compatibility with the helicopter should be approved.
Note: PCDS designs can vary from simple single occupant lifesaving devices to relatively complex multiple occupant cages or gondolas. The purpose of the PCDS is to provide a minimum acceptable level of safety for personnel being transported outside the rotorcraft. The personnel being transported may be healthy or injured, conscious or unconscious.
(i) TSO C167 is an approved minimum performance specification for HEC body harnesses.
(il) Static strength. The PCDS should be substantiated for the allowable ultimate load and loading conditions as determined under paragraph d.(6) above.
(ili) Fatigue. The PCDS should be substantiated for fatigue as determined under paragraph d. (6) above.
(iv) Personnel safety. For each PCDS design, the applicant should submit a design evaluation that assures the necessary level of personnel safety is provided. As a minimum, the following should be evaluated.
(A) The PCDS should be easily and readily ingressed or egressed.
(B) It should be placarded for proper capacity, internal arrangement and location of occupants, and ingress and egress instructions.
(C) For door latch fail-safety, more than one fastener or closure device should be used. The latch device design should provide direct visual inspectability to assure it is fastened and secured.
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(D) Any fabric used should be durable and should be at least flameresistant.
(E) Safety harnesses and belts should meet TSO C167 requirements.
(F) Occupant retention devices and related design safety features should be used as necessary. In simple designs, rounded corners and edges with adequate strapping (or other means of HEC retention relative to the PCDS) and head supports or pads may be all the safety features that are necessary. However, in more complex PCDS designs, safety features such as seat belts, handholds, shoulder harnesses, placards, or other personnel safety standards may be required.
(v) EMI and lightning protection. All essential, affected components of the PCDS, such as intercommunication equipment, should be protected against RF field strengths to a minimum of RTCA Document DO-160 Category Y.
(vi) Instructions for continued airworthiness. All instructions and documents necessary for continued airworthiness, normal operations, and emergency operations should be completed, reviewed, and approved during the certification process. There should be clear instructions to describe when the PCDS is no longer serviceable and should be replaced in part or as a whole due to wear, impact damage, fraying of fibers, other forms of degradation. In addition, any life limitations resulting from compliance with paragraphs d. (10)(ii) and (iii) should be provided.
(vii) Flotation devices. PCDSs that are intended to have a dual role as floatation devices or life preservers should meet the requirements of TSO-C13f, "Life Preservers." Also, any PCDS design to be used in the water should have a floatation kit. The kit should support the weight of the maximum number of occupants and the PCDS in the water and minimize the possibility of the occupants floating face down.
(vili) Flight testing. It should be shown by flight tests that the device is safely controllable and maneuverable during all requested flight regimes without requiring exceptional piloting skill. The flight tests should entail the PCDS weighted to the most critical weight. Litters and other types of PCDS designs may spin, twist or otherwise respond unacceptably in flight. These designs should be structurally restrained with devices such as a spider, a harness, or an equivalent device to minimize undesirable flight dynamics.
(ix) Medical design considerations. The PCDS should be designed to the maximum practicable extent and placarded to maximize the HECs protection from medical considerations such as blocked air passages induced by improper body configuration and excessive loss of body heat during operations. Injured or water soaked persons may be exposed to high body heat loss from sources such as rotor wash and the airstream. PCDS occupant safety from transit induced medical considerations can be greatly increased by proper design.
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AC 27-1B, Chg 7 2/4/2016
(x) Hoist operator safety device. When hoisting operations require the presence of a hoist operator on board, appropriate provisions shall be provided to allow the hoist operator to perform his task safely. These provisions shall include an appropriate hoist operator restraint system. This safety device is typically composed of a satety harness and a strap attached to the cabin used to adequately restrain the hoist operator inside the cabin while operating the hoist. For certification approval, the hoist operator safety device should comply with § 27.561(b)(3) for personnel safety. The applicant should submit a design evaluation that assures the necessary level of personnel safety is provided. The safety harness and strap should meet the requirements of TSO C22g, TSO C114, or TSO C167; however, as a minimum, the following should be evaluated:
(A) The strap attaching point on the body harness should not be located in the back of the hoist operator due to safety issues in case of a fall or crash.
(B) The safety device should be designed to be adjustable so that the strap is tightened behind the hoist operator.
(C) The strap might include a QRS including a DAD to allow hoist operator detaching from cabin in emergency conditions (e.g., crash).
(D) The safety device should be easily and readily ingressed or egressed.
(E) It should be placarded for proper capacity and lifetime limitation.
(F) Any fabric used should be durable and should be at least flame resistant.
(11) Section 27.865(c)(4) Intercom Systems for HEC Operations. For all HEC operations, the rotorcraft is required to be equipped for, or otherwise allow direct intercommunication under any operational conditions among crewmembers and the HEC. An intercommunications system may also be approved as part of the external load system, or alternatively a limitation may be placed in the RFM or RFMS as described under paragraph d.(4)(ii)(B)(2) of this guidance).
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(12) Section 27.865(e) External Loads Placards and Markings. Placards and markings should be installed next to the external load attaching means, in a clearly noticeable location, that state the primary operational limitations - specifically including the maximum authorized external load. Not all operational limitations need be stated on the placard (or equivalent markings) only those clearly necessary for immediate reference in operations. Other more detailed operational limitations of lesser immediate importance should be stated either directly in the RFM or in a RFMS.
(13) Other Considerations.
(i) Agricultural Installation (AI). Als can be approved for either jettisonable or non-jettisonable NHEC or HEC operations as long as they meet relevant certification and operations requirements and follow appropriate compliance methods. However, most current Al designs are external fixtures (see definition) - not external loads.
External fixtures are not approvable as jettisonable external cargo because they do not have a true payload (see definition), true jettison capability (see definition), or a complete QRS. Many Al designs can dump their solid or liquid chemical loads by use of a "purge port" release over a relatively long time period (i.e., greater than 30 seconds).
This is not considered true jettison capability (see definition) since the external load is not released by a QRS and since the release time span is typically greater than 30 seconds (see paragraph c. (21)). Thus, these types of Als should be approved as a non-jettisonable external load. However, other designs that have the entire Al (or significant portions thereof) attached to the rotorcraft, that have short time frame jettison (or release) capability provided by a QRS that meets the definitions herein and that have no post-jettison characteristics that would endanger continued safe flight and landing may be approved as a jettisonable external load. For example, if all the relevant criteria are properly met, a jettisonable fluid load can be approved as a NHEC external cargo. Section AC 27 MG 5 of this AC discusses other Al certification methodology.
(II) External Tanks. External tank configurations that have true payload (see definition) and true jettison capability (see definition) should be approved as jettisonable NHEC. External tank configurations that have a true payload capability but do not have true jettison capability should be approved as non-jettisonable NHEC. An external tank that has neither a true payload capability nor true jettison capability is an external fixture; it should not be approved as an external load under § 27.865. If an external tank is to be jettisoned in flight, it should have a QRS that is approved for the maximum jettisonable external tank payload and is either inoperable or is otherwise rendered reliable to minimize inadvertent jettisons above the maximum jettisonable external tank payload.
(ill) Logging Operations. These operations are very susceptible to low-cycle fatigue because of the large loads and relatively high load cycles that are common to this industry. It is recommended that load-measuring devices (such as load cells) be used to assure that no unrecorded overloads occur and to assure that cycles producing high fatigue damage are properly considered. Cycle counters are recommended to Page D - 132.1
AC 27-1B, Chg 7 2/4/2016 assure acceptable cumulative fatigue damage levels are identifiable and are not exceeded. As either a supplementary method or alternate method, maintenance instructions should be considered to assure proper cycle counting and load recording during operations.
(14) Noise Certification. 14 CFR part 36 is the noise certification standard.
Section 36.1(a)(4) specifically exempts helicopters that are designed exclusively for tandards. Section 2193(pe) also contains specific information regarding external s, or external loads activity from the noise loads and what configurations do not constitute an acoustical change.
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SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
MISCELLANEOUS AC 27.871 § 27.871 LEVELING MARKS.
a. Explanation. Reference marks are required for leveling the rotorcraft on the ground. These marks are necessary for accurate determination of weight and balance effects, particularly after modifications to the basic rotorcraft.
b. Procedures.
(1) Reference marks are sometimes provided in pairs, one high in the cabin and one low. The plumb weight is suspended from the high mark by an appropriate mechanical attachment, and the lower mark is used to level the rotorcraft by centering the plumb weight. The lower reference mark should be a raised or depressed target symbol and shall be applied to a permanent structural component or permanently attached plate in a readily accessible location. Seat tracks, floors, or door sills which are attached with permanent fasteners are typical locations.
(2) Horizontal reference marks, for support of bubble levels, may also be used, particularly for smaller rotorcraft.
AC 27.873 § 27.873 BALLAST PROVISIONS.
a. Explanation.
(1) This rule requires that ballast provisions prevent inadvertent ballast shifting while in flight or as a result of a landing. Shifting of the ballast may cause a hazardous change in the center of gravity thereby affecting rotorcraft controllability.
(2) Other rules noted here allow removable and fixed ballast and require markings or placards to prevent overloading the ballast installation.
(i) Section 27.29 specifies that the rotorcraft empty weight will include any fixed ballast. Section 27.31 allows the use of removable ballast to comply with the flight requirements. However, ballast may not be adjusted (moved, reduced, or increased) in flight.
(ii) Section 27.1541 requires conspicuous and durable markings or placards. Section 27.1557 requires placards stating allowable maximum weight, distributed loading, if necessary, and other appropriate limitations for ballast installation.
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(3) Section 27.1583(c) concerns Rotorcraft Flight Manual instructions and information about removable ballast or loading information. The instructions must be included in the operating limitations section of the flight manual to allow ready observance of the limitations.
b. Procedures.
(1) The ballast installation may be substantiated by analysis or by static test.
The design ultimate load may be derived from flight, landing, or minor crash conditions load factors specified in the rules. Substantiation by analysis will require use of the fitting factor prescribed by § 27.625 where appropriate. If static tests are to be conducted, a test plan should be prepared, submitted for evaluation, and agreed upon prior to the test.
(2) Ballast installations in the aft part of the fuselage and tail boom may be subject to significant landing condition angular inertia load factors as well as the usual linear load factors.
(3) Substantiation methods and procedures acceptable for the airtrame substantiation may be used for the ballast installation as well.
(4) Removable ballast will require attention to ensure the ballast is secured easily and properly and will remain secured under the appropriate ballast design load factor requirements. The flight manual instructions should be evaluated for compliance with § 27.1583(c) by flight test and airframe personnel.
(5) The installation must be designed and placarded or marked for the maximum allowable ballast load and for other appropriate loading limits. Normally compliance with § 27.1541 is accomplished with a drawing review by airframe personnel along with a MIDO or FSDO compliance and conformity inspection. An additional compliance inspection by airframe personnel can be conducted if desired.
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CHAPTER 2. PART 27
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS
NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT
POWERPLANT - GENERAL AC 27.901. § 27.901 (through Amendment 27-20) INSTALLATION.
a. Section 27.901(a)
(1) Explanation. Paragraph (a) provides a definition of parts of rotorcraft for which safety requirements are set forth under the general title, SUBPART E - POWERPLANT. These parts include not only major propulsion elements and power transmission components but also controls, instruments, safety devices, including fire protection and other devices to protect personnel, and critical flight structure in event of fires.
(2) Procedures. To ensure that no certification aspect is overlooked in establishing compliance, certification engineers should make at least an informal breakdown of all components of the rotorcraft, assigning responsibility to powerplant certification engineers of all items within the above definition. While this procedure is usually straightforward, the following items of FAA/AUTHORITY powerplant responsibility are listed to minimize questions regarding authority and responsibility.
Drive system components. All parts of the transmission, clutches, shafting, including the driveshafts (masts) of main and auxiliary rotors, powerplant cooling components, and powerplant instrumentation requirements under §§ 27.1305,
27.1337, 27.1543, 27.1549, 27.1551, 27.1553, 27.1555, and 27.1583.
NOTE: The division of responsibility between FAA/AUTHORITY airframe engineers and FAA/AUTHORITY powerplant engineers (in accordance with FAA/AUTHORITY practice) regarding the driveshaft is at the flange or spline interface between the driveshaft and the rotor hub. Rotor hubs, controls, blades, and associated components are the airframe engineers' responsibility. (Industry practice may not agree with this concept.)
(ii) Engines, except for mount structure.
(iii) Auxiliary power units, except for mount structure.
(iv) Combustion heaters, except for downstream ventilation air ducting, mixing, and distribution systems and for electrical aspects of controls and safety devices.
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(v) Water/alcohol or other fluid power augmentation systems.
(vi) Engine induction systems including induction icing and snow ingestion, and exhaust systems, including exhaust shrouds and drains.
(vii) All fuel systems, including those serving engines, auxiliary power units, combustion heaters, power augmentation systems, etc., and vents and drains for those systems.
(vili) Oil systems for engines, auxiliary power units, rotor drive transmissions, and gearboxes, including grease lubrication.
(ix) Cooling aspects of engines, rotordrive transmissions and gearboxes, and auxiliary power units.
NOTE: Electrical generating equipment and hydraulic component cooling may be the responsibility of the systems and equipment engineer provided agreement is established among responsible personnel.
(x) Rotor brakes, except hydraulic and electrical aspects and structural aspects of nonrotating brake components.
(xi) Fire protection, including firewalls, fire extinguisher systems, fire detector systems, flammable fluid lines, fittings, and shutoff valves. The powerplant engineer has responsibility for evaluating compliance with §§ 27.861 and 27.863 as it pertains to fuel and oil systems.
(xii) Engine and transmission cowling and covering, including latches.
(xili) Powerplant flexible controls.
(xiv) Powerplant accessories.
(xv) Pneumatic systems (engine bleed air) within the engine compartments, including shut-off valves and engine isolation features of bleed systems.
(xvi) Powerplant aspects of instrument markings and powerplant aspects of flight manuals, including limitations, normal and emergency procedures, engine performance; powerplant aspects of maintenance manuals, with emphasis on the limitations section of the manual and verification of the limitations established under § 27.1521.
b. Section 27.901 (b).
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