SECTION 34. EQUIPMENT - GENERAL (continued) Page No.
621. FAR 27.1309 Equipment, Systems, and Installations 808
622.-631. RESERVED SECTION 35. INSTRUMENTS - INSTALLATION FAR 27.1321 Arrangement and Visibility. .. 836
633. FAR 27.1322 Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights. 836 FAR 27.1323 Airspeed Indicating System .. 839
635. FAR 27.1325 Static Pressure Systems 840
636. FAR 27.1327 Magnetic Direction Indicator 841
637. FAR 27.1329 Automatic Pilot System 842
638.-639. RESERVED
640. FAR 27.1335 Flight Director Systems. ... 852
641. FAR 27.1337 Powerplant Instruments.. 853 641A. FAR 27.1337 Powerplant Instruments.. 854
642.-651. RESERVED SECTION 36. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
652. FAR 27.1351 General. ... 866
653. FAR 27.1353 Storage Battery Design and Installation. 868
654. RESERVED
655. FAR 27.1357 Circuit Protective Devices .. 871
656.-657. RESERVED
658. FAR 27.1361 Master Switch .. 875
659. FAR 27.1365 Electric Cables ..875
660. FAR 27.1367 Switches. 877
661.-667. RESERVED SECTION 37. LIGHTS
668. FAR 27.1381 Instrument Lights.. .. 885
669. FAR 27.1383 Landing Lights.. .. 885
670. FAR 27.1385 Position Light System Installation.. 886
671. FAR 27.1387 Position Light System Dihedral Angles.. . 886
672. FAR 27.1389 Position Light Distribution and Intensities. .. 886
673. FAR 27.1391 Minimum Intensities in the Horizontal.. .. 886 Plane of Forward and Rear Position Lights
674. FAR 27.1393 Minimum Intensities in Any Vertical.. .. 886 Plane of Forward and Rear Position Lights XIII
SECTION 37. LIGHTS (continued) Page No.
675. FAR 27.1395 Maximum Intensities In Overlapping. 886 Beams of Forward and Rear Position Lights
676. FAR 27.1397 Color Specifications. 886
677. FAR 27.1399 Riding Light.. . 886
678. FAR 27.1401 Anti-collision Light System 888
679.-688. RESERVED SECTION 38. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
689. FAR 27.1411 General.. 899
690. FAR 27.1413 Safety Belts. 901
691. FAR 27.1415 Ditching Equipment 902
RESERVED FAR 27.1419 Ice Protection 905
694.-701. RESERVED SECTION 39. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
702.-703. RESERVED
704. FAR 27.1435 Hydraulic Systems 933
705. RESERVED
706. FAR 27.1457 Cockpit Voice Recorder 937
707. FAR 27.1459 Flight Recorders 938
708. FAR 27.1461 Equipment Containing High Energy Rotors 941
709.-717. RESERVED SECTION 40. OPERATING LIMITATIONS
718. FAR 27.1501 General.. 951
719. FAR 27.1503 Airspeed Limitations: General. 951
720. FAR 27.1505 Never-Exceed Speed ..... . 954
721. FAR 27.1509 Rotor Speed.. 956
722. RESERVED
723. FAR 27.1519 Weight and Center of Gravity .. 960
724. FAR 27.1521 Powerplant Limitations .. . 960 724A. FAR 27.1521 Powerplant Limitations ... 961 724B. FAR 27.1521 Powerplant Limitations .. . 962
725. RESERVED
726. FAR 27.1523 Minimum Flightcrew ...... . 965
727. FAR 27.1525 Kinds of Operations969
728. FAR 27.1527 Maximum Operating Altitude 969 XIV
SECTION 40. OPERATING LIMITATIONS (continued) Page No.
729. FAR 27.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness .. 970 (Maintenance Manual) 729A. FAR 27.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness .. 972 (Maintenance Manual)
730.-739. RESERVED SECTION 41. MARKINGS AND PLACARDS
740. FAR 27.1541 General. 983
741. FAR 27.1543 Instrument Markings: General 983
742. FAR 27.1545 Airspeed Indicator .. 983
743. FAR 27.1547 Magnetic Direction Indicator 983
744. FAR 27.1549 Powerplant Instruments. 983
745. FAR 27.1551 Oil Quantity Indicators .. 983
746. FAR 27.1553 Fuel Quantity Indicator .. 984 747 FAR 27.1555 Control Markings. 985
748. FAR 27.1557 Miscellaneous Markings and Placards. 986
749. FAR 27.1559 Limitations Placard.. 987
750. FAR 27.1561 Safety Equipment 989
751. FAR 27.1565 Tail Rotor.. 989
752.-761. RESERVED SECTION 42. ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL
762. FAR 27.1581 General. 1001
763. FAR 27.1583 Operating Limitations. 1009
764. FAR 27.1585 Operating Procedures ... 1010 764A. FAR 27.1585 Operating Procedures ... 1013
765. FAR 27.1587 Performance Information. 1013
766. FAR 27.1589 Loading Information 1015
767.-774. RESERVED CHAPTER 3 - MISCELLANEOUS AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS
775. § 27 Appendix B Engineering Flight Test Guide for. 1025 Normal Category Helicopters - Instrument Flight Rules
776. Certification Procedure for Rotorcraft Avionics Equipment 1046 Standardized Test Procedure for Rotorcraft DC 1062 Electrical System Tests Standardized Test Procedure for Rotorcraft Generator Cooling 1068 Annunciator Panels. .. 1070 XV
АС 27-1A 7/30/97 Chapter 3 (continued) Page No.
780. Definition of Engine Isolation Features as Applied to.. 1072 §§ 27.79(b)(2), 27.141 (b)(1), and 27.143(d)(1)
781. FAR 27.1541, 27.1543, 27.1545, and 27.1549 Instrument.. 1077 Markings 781A. FAR 27.1549 Powerplant Markings.. 1081 781B. FAR 27.1549 Powerplant Markings.. 1081
782.-783. RESERVED
784. Full Authority Digital Electronic Controls (FADEC) for .. 1084 Installations with Category A Engine Isolation
785. Agricultural Dispensing Equipment Installation 1086
786. Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems, Installations,. 1092 Interior Arrangements, and Equipment
787. Hour Meters or Time-in-Service Recording Devices in Rotorcraft .1110
788. Substantiation of Composite Rotorcraft Structure 1112 Appendix 1 Rotorcraft One-Engine-Inoperative (OEI) Power Assurance. A1-1 XVI
ILLUSTRATIONS The first digits in the figure or table number are the same as the related paragraph number. The digits after the hyphen are the number within the paragraph. Most figures or tables are located at the end of the related paragraph.
Figure/Table No. Title Page 58-1 H-V Requirements 71 58-2 IGE Controllability Requirements 72 58-3 Shaft Horsepower vs. Turbine Outlet 73 Temperature - Sea Level Standard Day 58-4 Uninstalled Takeoff Power Available 74 58-5 Installed Takeoff Power Available, Anti-Ice, 75 400 RPM 58-6 Power Assurance Check Chart 76 65-1 Autorotational Characteristics - Typical 87 69-1 Height-Velocity Diagram 101 69-2 Altitude/Weight Accountability 102 86-1 Static Longitudinal Stability 127 110-1 Demonstration Points 157 137-1 Load Factor Gross Weight Curve 184 140-1 Sample Yaw/Forward Speed Diagram 189 160-1 View Looking Forward 214 160-2 View Looking Forward 215 230-1 Comparison Percent of Time in Level Flight 287 XVII
Figure/Table No. Title Page 250-1 Example of Casting Load Sheet Retract 316 Actuator Support-Landing Gear 250-1 Table 1: Castings to be Static Tested for Model XYZ 318 331-1 Cockpit Visibility 409 338-1 Sea State Code - World Meteorological 431 Organization 425-1 Cantilevered Shaft, First Critical Speed 545 425-2 Shaft Between Support Bearings, First Critical 545 Speed 447-1 Static Tension and Shear Loading Modes 589 447-2 Hose Assembly Tests 590 447-3 Minimum Average and Individual Loads for Hose 591 and Hose-End Fitting Combinations 447-4 Typical Method of Breakaway Fuel Fitting Load 592 Calculations 447-5 Typical Methods of Frangible or Deformable 593 Attachment Load Calculations 447-6 Typical Methods of Frangible or Deformable 594 Attachment Load Calculations 450-1 Fuel Flow 600 516-1 Additional Cooling Test Point 675 589-1 Table of Materials and Gages Acceptable for 771 Fireproof Protective Devices with Flat Surface Geometries 637-1 Deviation Profile 848 637-2 Operational Limitation 849 XVIII
Figure/Table No. Title Page 693-1 Continuous Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude Limits 919 693-2 Intermittent Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude Limits 920 693-3 Continuous Icing-Liquid Water Content vs Drop 921 Diameter 693-4 Intermittent Icing-Liquid Water Content vs. Drop 922 Diameter 775-1 Rotorcraft Dynamic Stability Requirements for IFR 1045 780-1 Engine Isolation Rules 1076 785-1 Acceptable Ultimate Load Factor for Agricultural 1088 Dispensing Equipment Design 785-2 Sketch of Tank Pressure Test 1091 786-1 Typical Liquid Oxygen System 1108 786-2 Typical Liquid Oxygen System - Using 1109 Combination Valve APX1-1 Installed Engine Flow Capacity Check A1-9 XIX
Abbreviations and Definitions AC advisory circular ACO aircraft certification office ADF automatic direction finding ADI attitude direction indicator AEO all engines operating AFCS automatic flight control systems AGL above ground level AHRS attitude heading reference system Amdt. Amendment APU auxiliary power unit ATC air traffic control BIM blade inspection method CAM cockpit area microphone CAR Civil Air Regulations CAS calibrated air speed CBIM cockpit blade inspection method CDP critical decision point CG center of gravity CPS cycles per second CRFS crash resistant fuel system CRT cathode ray tube CVR cockpit voice recorder DER designated engineering representative DME distance measuring equipment ECAS engine caution advisory systems ECU environmental control unit EFIS electronic flight instrument system EFP engine failure point EHE exhaust heat exchanger ELT emergency locator transmitter EMI electromagnetic interference EMS emergency medical service EOL end of life FAA Federal Aviation Administration FADEC full authority digital engine control FAR Federal Aviation Regulations FMEA failure mode and effects analysis FPM feet per minute FPS feet per second GPS global positioning system HF high frequency HIRF high intensity radiated fields HRD high rate of discharge HUMS health and usage monitoring systems HV height-velocity IAS indicated airspeed ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICS inter-communication system IFR instrument flight rules GE in ground effect IIDS integrated instrument display system ILS instrument landing system IMC instrument meteorological conditions INS inertial navigation system ISA international standard atmosphere ISIS integral spar inspection system ITT inter-turbine temperature KCAS knots calibrated airspeed KIAS knots indicated air speed KTAS knots true airspeed LDP landing decision point LWC liquid water content MCP maximum continuous power MGT measured gas temperature MSL mean sea level MVD median volume diameter NDI non-destructive inspection NM nautical mile NPRM notice of proposed rulemaking NTSB National Transportation Safety Board NVG night vision goggles XX
7/30/97 OAT outside air temperature OEl one engine inoperative OGE out of ground effect PBA pitch bias actuator PCF post crash fire PIO pilot induced oscillation PSIG pounds per square inch gauge QPL qualified parts list RFM rotorcraft flight manual RFMS rotorcraft flight manual supplement RPM revolutions per minute RTCA Radio Technical Commission of Aeronautics RVR runway visual range SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAS stability augmentation system SCAS stability and control augmentation systems SRM structural repair manual STC supplemental type certificate STOL short takeoff and landing TBO time between overhaul TC type certificate TCDS type certificate data sheet TDP takeoff decision point TIA type inspection authorization TIR type inspection report TOT turbine outlet temperature TSO: technical standard order TVP true vapor pressure VBIM visual blade inspection method VFR visual flight rules VMC visual meteorological conditions VOR very high frequency omnidirectional range radio VSI vertical speed indicator V/STOL vertical/short takeoff and landing VTOL vertical takeoff and landing AC 27-1A WAT weight, altitude, temperature Altitudes HD density altitude HP pressure altitude V speeds VD diving speed VH speed in level flight with maximum continuous power VMO maximum operating limit speed VNE never-exceed speed VTOSS takeoff safety speed for Category A rotorcraft VX speed for best angle of climb VY speed for best rate of climb MMO maximum operating mach number N speeds NF free turbine speed NG gas generator speed NP power turbine speed NR rotor speed Coefficients CD coefficient of drag CL coefficient of lift CP coefficient of power CT coefficient of thrust XXI
CHAPTER 1. PART 21
CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCTS AND PARTS (Amendment 21-50)
1.-3. RESERVED.
4. § 21.16 SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
a. Ihe Process. Chapter 2, Section 1, Paragraph 8 of the Type Certificate Handbook, Order 8110.4, provides detailed guidance on the special conditions process.
However, much of that material has been outdated with the implementation of the Aircraft Certification Directorate Program. Rotorcraft special conditions are processed through the Rotorcraft Standards Staff, ASW-110. That office will ensure coordination with the affected agency and industry elements including the Assistant Chief Counsel.
All comments will be considered and the disposition documented by the Rotorcraft Directorate. ASW-100 will issue the special conditions.
b. Basis for Development.
(1) Special conditions are justified on the basis of the existing Part 27 being inadequate or inappropriate due to novel or unusual design features of the rotorcraft to be certificated.
(2) The phrase "novel or unusual" as used in § 21.16 is a very relative term. As used hereafter in applying § 21.16 to justify the issuance of special conditions, "novel or unusual will be taken with respect to the state of technology envisaged by the applicable airworthiness standards of this subchapter. It must be recognized that in some areas which will vary from time to time, the state of the regulations may somewhat lag the state of the art in new design because of the rapidity in which the state of the art is advancing in civil aeronautical design and because of the time required to develop the experience base needed by the FAA/AUTHORITY to proceed with general rulemaking. Applicants for type certification of a new design have the opportunity to mitigate the impact of not knowing the precise airworthiness standards to be applied for "novel or unusual design features" by consulting with the FAA/AUTHORITY early in their certification planning when such features are suspected or known by the applicant to exist. It should also be recognized that, because of the intentional objective nature of the airworthiness standards of this subchapter, many new design features which might be thought of as "novel or unusual" may already be adequately covered by existing regulations, thus obviating the need to issue special conditions.
Par 1 1
(3) Before proposing special conditions, the certification staff should very thoroughly analyze the existing regulations and ensure they are inadequate or inappropriate in light of a new and novel design feature.
Par 4
5.-7. RESERVED.
Intentionally Left Blank Par 5 3 (thru 5)