AC 27-1B, Chg 4 5/1/2014 Page No.
SUBPART E – POWERPLANT (continued) ROTOR DRIVE SYSTEM (continued)
AC 27.935 Shafting JointsE-26
AC 27.939 Turbine Engine Operating CharacteristicsE-26
FUEL SYSTEM
AC 27.951 Fuel System - GeneralE-29
AC 27.952 Fuel System Crash ResistanceE-31
AC 27.953 Fuel System IndependenceE-56
AC 27.954 Fuel System Lightning ProtectionE-57
AC 27.955 Fuel FlowE-58
AC 27.955A Fuel FlowE-62
AC 27.959 Unusable Fuel SupplyE-64
AC 27.961 Fuel System Hot Weather OperationE-65
AC 27.961A Fuel System Hot Weather OperationE-67
AC 27.963 Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-67
AC 27.963A Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-68
AC 27.963B Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-68
AC 27.965 Fuel Tank TestsE-69
AC 27.967 Fuel Tank InstallationE-70
AC 27.969 Fuel Tank Expansion SpaceE-72
AC 27.969A Fuel Tank Expansion SpaceE-72
AC 27.971 Fuel Tank SumpE-73
AC 27.971A Fuel Tank SumpE-74
AC 27.973 Fuel Tank Filler ConnectionE-74
AC 27.973A Fuel Tank Filler ConnectionE-75
AC 27.975 Fuel Tank VentsE-76
AC 27.975A Fuel Tank VentsE-77
AC 27.975B Fuel Tank VentsE-77
AC 27.977 Fuel Tank OutletE-78
FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
AC 27.991 Fuel PumpsE-80
AC 27.991A Fuel PumpsE-81
AC 27.993 Fuel System Lines and FittingsE-81
AC 27.995 Fuel ValvesE-82
AC 27.997 Fuel Strainer or FilterE-82
AC 27.997A Fuel Strainer or FilterE-83
AC 27.999 Fuel System DrainsE-84
AC 27.999A Fuel System DrainsE-85
Page x
Page No.
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
OIL SYSTEM
AC 27.1011 Engines - GeneralE-86
AC 27.1013 Oil TanksE-86
AC 27.1015 Oil Tank TestsE-87
AC 27.1017 Oil Lines and FittingsE-88
AC 27.1019 Oil Strainer or FilterE-88
AC 27.1019A Oil Strainer or FilterE-89
AC 27.1021 Oil System DrainsE-90
AC 27.1027 Transmission and Gearboxes: GeneralE-90
COOLING
AC 27.1041 Cooling - GeneralE-92
AC 27.1041A GeneralE-94
AC 27.1043 Cooling TestsE-94
AC 27.1045 Cooling Test ProceduresE-97
AC 27.1045A Cooling Test ProceduresE-98
INDUCTION SYSTEM
AC 27.1091 Air InductionE-99
AC 27.1091A Air InductionE-100
AC 27.1093 Induction System Icing ProtectionE-101
AC 27.1093A Induction System Icing Protection..................................................... E-112.1
EXHAUST SYSTEM
AC 27.1121 GeneralE-113
AC 27.1123 Exhaust PipingE-114
POWERPLANT CONTROLS AND ACCESSORIES
AC 27.1141 Powerplant Controls: GeneralE-117
AC 27.1141A Powerplant Controls: GeneralE-118
AC 27.1143 Engine ControlsE-118
AC 27.1143A Engine ControlsE-119
AC 27.1143B Engine ControlsE-119
AC 27.1145 Ignition SwitchesE-120
AC 27.1147 Mixture ControlsE-120
AC 27.1151 Rotor Brake ControlsE-121
AC 27.1163 Powerplant AccessoriesE-122
Page No.
Page xi
AC 27-1B, Chg 9 AC 27.1183 AC 27.1185 AC 27.1187 AC 27.1189 AC 27.1191 AC 27.1193 AC 27.1193A AC 27.1194 AC 27.1195 AC 27.1301 AC 27.1303 AC 27.1305 AC 27.1305A AC 27.1305B AC 27.1305C AC 27.1307 AC 27.1309 AC 27.1309A AC 27.1309B AC 27.1316 AC 27.1317 AC 27.1321 AC 27.1322 AC 27.1323 AC 27.1325 AC 27.1327 AC 27.1329 AC 27.1329A AC 27.1329B AC 27.1335 AC 27.1335A AC 27.1337 AC 27.1337A SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
POWERPLANT FIRE PROTECTION
Lines, Fittings, and ComponentsE-124
Flammable FluidsE-125
Ventilation and DrainageE-126
Shutoff MeansE-127
FirewallsE-128
Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-132
Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-133
Other SurfacesE-134
Fire Detector SystemsE-135
SUBPART F - EQUIPMENT
GENERAL
Function and InstallationF-1
Flight and Navigation InstrumentsF-1
Powerplant InstrumentsF-7
Powerplant InstrumentsF-8
Powerplant InstrumentsF-9
Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... F-11.1 Miscellaneous
EquipmentF-12
Equipment, Systems, and InstallationsF-13
Equipment, Systems, and InstallationsF-30
Equipment, Systems, and Installations ............................................ F-30.1
Electrical and Electronic System Lightning ProtectionF-31
High-Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) ProtectionF-32
INSTRUMENTS: INSTALLATION
Arrangement and VisibilityF-34
Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... F-54.2 Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... F-54.3 W arning, Caution, and Advisory Lights ............................................. F-34.2
Airspeed Indicating SystemF-39
Static Pressure SystemsF-40
Magnetic Direction IndicatorF-41
Automatic Pilot SystemF-41
Automatic Pilot SystemF-51
Automatic Pilot System and Flight Guidance System. ...................... F-52.1 F
light Director SystemsF-53
Flight Director Systems ..................................................................... F-54.1 P age xii
AC 27.1B, Chg 9 AC 27.1351 AC 27.1353 AC 27.1353A AC 27.1357 AC 27.1361 AC 27.1365 AC 27.1367 AC 27.1381 AC 27.1383 AC 27.1385 AC 27.1387 AC 27.1389 AC 27.1391 AC 27.1393 AC 27.1395 AC 27.1397 AC 27.1399 AC 27.1401 AC 27.1411 AC 27.1413 AC 27.1415 AC 27.1419 AC 27.1435 AC 27.1457 AC 27.1459 AC 27.1461 AC 27.1501 Page No.
SUBPART F – EQUIPMENT (continued)
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
Electrical Systems and Equipment - GeneralF-55
Storage Battery Design and InstallationF-58
Energy Storage Systems ................................................................... F-62.1 Circuit Protectiv e Devices ................................................................. F-62.13
Master SwitchF-64
Electric CablesF-65
SwitchesF-66
LIGHTS
Instrument LightsF-67
Rear Position Lights Rear Position Lights Rear Position Lights
Landing LightsF-67
Position Light System InstallationF-68
Position Light System Dihedral AnglesF-68
Position Light Distribution and IntensitiesF-68
Minimum Intensities in the Horizontal Plane of Forward andF-68
Minimum Intensities in Any Vertical Plane of Forward andF-68
Maximum Intensities In Overlapping Beams of Forward andF-68
Color SpecificationsF-68
Riding LightF-68
Anti-collision Light SystemF-70
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
GeneralF-71
Safety BeltsF-73
Ditching EquipmentF-74
Ice ProtectionF-75
Hydraulic SystemsF-97
Cockpit Voice RecorderF-99
Flight RecordersF-101
Equipment Containing High Energy RotorsF-103
SUBPART G - OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION
GeneralG-1
Page xiii
AC 27.1B, Chg 9 AC 27.1503 AC 27.1505 AC 27.1509 AC 27.1519 AC 27.1521 AC 27.1521A AC 27.1521B AC 27.1523 AC 27.1525 AC 27.1527 AC 27.1529 AC 27.1529A AC 27.1541 AC 27.1543 AC 27.1543A AC 27.1545 AC 27.1545A AC 27.1547 AC 27.1549 AC 27.1549A AC 27.1549B AC 27.1549C AC 27.1551 AC 27.1553 AC 27.1555 AC 27.1555A AC 27.1557 AC 27.1559 AC 27.1561 AC 27.1565 Page No.
SUBPART G - OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION (continued)
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
Airspeed Limitations: GeneralG-1
Never-Exceed SpeedG-4
Rotor SpeedG-6
Weight and Center of GravityG-8
Powerplant LimitationsG-9
Powerplant LimitationsG-10
Powerplant LimitationsG-10
Minimum FlightcrewG-11
Kinds of OperationsG-15
Maximum Operating AltitudeG-16
Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance Manual)G-16
Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance Manual)G-20
MARKINGS AND PLACARDS
Marking and Placards - GeneralG-21
Instrument Markings: GeneralG-21
Instrument Markings: General......................................................... G-25.1 Airspeed Indicator ............................................................................. G-25.6 Airspeed Indicator ............................................................................. G-25.7 Magnetic Direction Indicator.............................................................. G-25.9 Powerplant Markings......................................................................... G-25.10 Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... G-25.10 Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... G-25.10
Powerplant InstrumentsG-26
Oil Quantity Indicators....................................................................... G-2 6.1 Fuel Quantity Indicator ...................................................................... G-26.2
Control MarkingsG-27
Control Markings ............................................................................... G-28.1 Miscellaneous Markings and Placards .............................................. G-28.2
Limitations PlacardG-30
Safety EquipmentG-31
Tail RotorG-32
AC 27.1583 AC 27.1585 AC 27.1585A AC 27.1587 AC 27.1587A AC 27.1587B AC 27.1589
ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL AND APPROVED MANUAL MATERIAL
AC 27.1581 Rotorcraft Flight Manual - GeneralG-33
Performance InformationG-48
Loading Information ......................................................................... G-48.1 Operati
ng LimitationsG-40
Operating ProceduresG-42
Operating ProceduresG-45
Performance InformationG-45
Performance InformationG-47
Page xiv
Page No.
CHAPTER 3 - MISCELLANEOUS GUIDANCE (MG),
NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT AC 27 MG 1 Certification Procedure for Rotorcraft Avionics Equipment............. MG 1-1 System Tests §§ 27.79(b)(2), 27.141(b)(1), and 27.143(d)(1) Including: Interior Arrangements, Equipment, Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS), Radio Altimeter, and Flight Data Monitoring System.
System Air Conditioning Systems Systems (HUMS) Systems (NVIS) Equipment System Installations Assessment (FHA) Installation in Part 27 Rotorcraft AC 27 MG 2 Standardized Test Procedure for Rotorcraft DC Electrical ............. MG 2-1 AC 27 MG 3 Definition of Engine Isolation Features as Applied to .................... MG 3-1 AC 27 MG 4 Full Authority Digital Electronic Controls (FADEC) ......................... MG 4-1 AC 27 MG 5 Agricultural Dispensing Equipment Installation............................... MG 5-1 AC 27 MG 6 Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems, Installations, .......... MG 6-1 AC 27 MG 7 Hour Meters or Time-in-Service Recording Devices in Rotorcraft .. MG 7-1 AC 27 MG 8 Substantiation of Composite Rotorcraft Structure .......................... MG 8-1 AC 27 MG 9 Rotorcraft One-Engine-Inoperative (OEI) Power Assurance .......... MG 9-1 AC 27 MG 10 Advisory Material for Substantiation of Emergency Flotation ......... MG 10-1 AC 27 MG 11 Fatigue Evaluation of Rotorcraft Structure...................................... MG 11-1 AC 27 MG 12 External Loads (see AC 27.865B) .................................................. MG 12-1 AC 27 MG 13 Systems Certification Considerations............................................. MG 13-1 AC 27 MG 14 Certification Procedure for Installation of Vapor Cycle .................. MG 14-1 AC 27 MG 15 Airworthiness Approval of Rotorcraft Health Usage Monitoring ..... MG 15-1 AC 27 MG 16 Certification Procedure for Rotorcraft Night Vision Imaging .......... MG 16-1 AC 27 MG 17 Guidance on Analyzing an Advanced Flight Controls (AdFC) ........ MG 17-1 AC 27 MG 18 Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS)...... MG 18-1 AC 27 MG 19 Guidance on Electronic Display Systems (EDS) for Rotorcraft ...... MG 19-1 AC 27 MG 20 Human Factors (HF)....................................................................... MG 20-1 AC 27 MG 21 Guidance on Creating a System Level Functional Hazard ............ MG 21-1 AC 27 MG 22 Rotorcraft One Engine Inoperative (OEI) Training Mode................ MG 22-1 AC 27 MG 23 Automatic Flight Guidance and Control systems (AFGCS ) ........... MG 23-1 Page xv
AC 27-1B, Chg 9
APPENDICES AC 27 Appendix A - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness................................... Apdx A-1 AC 27 Appendix B - Airworthiness Guidance for Rotorcraft Instrument Flight........... Apdx B-1 AC 27 Appendix C - (reserved) (Criteria for Category A) ........................................ Apdx C-1 Page xvi
FIGURES The first digits in the figure number are the same as the related section number.
Figure No. Title Page
AC 27.45-1 H-V RequirementsB-20
Temperature - Sea Level Standard Day 400 RPM Attached at Floor Level Part 572B Anthropomorphic Dummy Seat Bottom Cushion AC 27.562-6 Post Test Condition
AC 27.45-2 IGE Controllability RequirementsB-21
AC 27.45-3 Shaft Horsepower vs. Turbine OutletB-22
AC 27.45-4 Uninstalled Takeoff Power AvailableB-23
AC 27.45-5 Installed Takeoff Power Available, Anti-Ice Off,B-24
AC 27.45-6 Power Assurance Check Chart .................................................... B-24.1
AC 27.71-1 Autorotational Characteristics - TypicalB-31
AC 27.79-1 Height-Velocity DiagramB-43
AC 27.79-2 Altitude/Weight AccountabilityB-44
AC 27.175-1 Static Longitudinal Stability .......................................................... B-60.1 AC 27.175A-1 Static Longitudinal Stability .......................................................... B-60.5
AC 27.251-1 Demonstration PointsB-70
AC 27.337-1 Load Factor Gross Weight CurveC-7
AC 27.351-1 Sample Yaw/Forward Speed DiagramC-12
AC 27.351-2 Safety Factors for Probability of FailureC-13
AC 27.427-1 View Looking ForwardC-26
AC 27.427-2 View Looking ForwardC-27
AC 27.562-1 Seat Restraint System Dynamic TestsC-47
AC 27.562-2 Schematic Floor Deformation Fixture; Seat LegsC-54
AC 27.562-3 Schematic Test Fixture; Side Wall Mounted SeatC-58
AC 27.562-4 Installation of Pelvic-Lumbar Spine Load Cell inC-62
AC 27.562-5 Measurement to be Taken Over Full Width ofC-74
C-74 Page xvii
AC 27.1B, Chg 4 5/1/2014 FIGURES (continued) Figure No. Title Page
AC 27.562-7 Impulse ShapeC-80
Size Relationships for Fail-Safe SubstantiationC113
Actuator Support-Landing Gear Model XYZ Organization..............................................................................
Versus Applicable Cargo Type Data and Definition Summary Hose-End Fitting Combinations Calculations Load Calculations, Frangible Bolts Load Calculations, Frangible Baffle
AC 27.562-8 Change in VelocityC-80
AC 27.571-1 Comparison Percent of Time in Level FlightC-85
AC 27.573-1. Schematic diagram of building block testsC102
AC 27.573-2. Characterization of Impact DamageC-107
AC 27.573-3. Residual Strength vs. TimeC-112
AC 27.573-4. Illustration of Residual Strength and Damage
AC 27.621-1 Example of Casting Load Sheet RetractD-24
AC 27.621-2 Example of Castings to be Static Tested forD-26
AC 27.773-1 Cockpit VisibilityD-67
AC 27.801-1 Sea State Code - World MeteorologicalD-90
AC 27.865B-1 U.S. Operational (Part 133) Rotorcraft-Load CombinationD-116
AC 27.931-1 Cantilevered Shaft, First Critical SpeedE-25
AC 27.931-2 Shaft Between Support Bearings, First Critical SpeedE-25
AC 27.952-1 Static Tension and Shear Loading ModesE-50
AC 27.952-2 Hose Assembly TestsE-51
AC 27.952-3 Minimum Average and Individual Loads for Hose andE-52
AC 27.952-4 Typical Method of Breakaway Fuel Fitting LoadE-53
AC 27.952-5 Typical Methods of Frangible or Deformable AttachmentE-54
AC 27.952-6 Typical Methods of Frangible or Deformable AttachmentE-55
AC 27.955-1 Fuel Flow E-61E-61
Page xviii
FIGURES (continued) Figure No. Title Page
AC 27.1041-1 Additional Cooling Test PointE-93
AC 27.1191-1 Table of Materials and Gauges Acceptable forE-131
Fireproof Protective Devices with Flat Surface Geometries Failure Condition Effec ts AC 27.1309-1 Relationship between Probability and Severity of .........................F-30.5 AC 27.1309-2 Failure Condition Categories and Probably Definitions ...............F-30.6 Diameter Diamet er Dispensing Equipment Design Valve for Fail-Safe Substantiation for Three Rotorcraft Types AC 27.1309-4 Safety Assessment Process Overview .........
...............................F-30.10 AC 27.1309-5 Depth of Analysis Flowchart ........................................................F-30.11 AC 27.1321-1 Primary Fields of View ................................................................. F - 34 AC 27,1321-2 Secondary Fields of View............................................................. F – 34.1
AC 27.1329-1 Height Loss MethodF-45
AC 27.1329-2 Deviation ProfileF-49
AC 27.1329-3 Deviation ProfileF-50
AC 27.1419-1 Continuous Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude LimitsF-93
AC 27.1419-2 Intermittent Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude LimitsF-94
AC 27.1419-3 Continuous Icing-Liquid Water Content vs DropF-95
AC 27.141 9-4 Interm
ittent Icing-Liquid Water Content vs. DropF-96
AC 27 M G 3-1 Part 29 Engine Isolation Rules..................................................... MG 3-5 AC 27 MG 5-1 Acceptable Ultimate Load Factor for Agricultural ......................... MG 5-3 AC 27 MG 5-2 Sketch of Tank Pressure Test...................................................... MG 5-7 AC 27 MG 6-1 Typical Liquid Oxygen System..................................................... MG 6-21 AC 27 MG 6-2 Typical Liquid Oxygen System - Using Combination....................MG 6-22 AC 27 MG 8-1 Schematic Diagram of Building Block Tests................................. MG 8-16 AC 27 MG 8-2 Characterization of Impact Damage............................................. MG 8-20 AC 27 MG 8-3 Residual Strength vs. Time .......................................................... MG 8-23 AC 27- MG 8-4 Residual Strength and Damage Size Relationships.....................MG 8-24 AC 27 MG 9-1 Installed Engine Fuel Flow Capacity Check ................................. MG 9-8 AC 27 MG 11-1 Example of Variation in Time Spent in Level Flight......................MG 11-7 AC 27 MG 11-2 Flight Regime to be Investigated Power-On Operation................MG 11-17 Page xix
AC 27.1B, Chg 7 xx/xx/2014 FIGURES (continued) Figure No. Title Page AC 27 MG 11-3 Flight Regime to be Investigated for Power-Off ...........................MG 11-17 Operation Investigated Reduction of Software Level Software with a Ground Base that uses COTS Software for Operational Software AC 27 MG 11-4 Simplified Analytical Method for Safe Life Evaluation ..................MG 11-18 AC 27 MG 11-5 Typical S/N Curve for Safe Life Evaluation .................................. MG 11-18 AC 27 MG 11-6 Elements of Safe Life Determination............................................ MG 11-19 AC 27 MG 11-7 Flight Load Measurement Program Conditions to be...................MG 11-20 AC 27 MG 11-8 Lifting Helicopter Load Measurement........................................... MG 11-23 AC 27 MG 11-9 Example of Twin Turbine Usage Spectrum.................................. MG 11-24 AC 27 MG 14-1 Refrigeration Cycle....................................................................... MG 14-7 AC 27 MG 15-1 Flow Chart for Use of Mitigating Actions Applied for ....................MG 15-8 AC 27 MG 15-2 Flow Chart for Application of HUMS Specific ............................... MG 15-11 AC 27 MG 17-1 Verification Methodology.............................................................. MG 17-4 AC 27 MG 19-1 Primary Field of View ................................................................... MG 19-15 AC 27 MG 19-2 Secondary Field of View .............................................................. MG 19-16 AC 27 MG 20-1 Primary and Secondary Horizontal Fields of View .......................MG 20-18 AC 27 MG 20-2 Primary and Secondary Vertical Fields of View............................MG 20-19 AC 27 MG 20-3 Sample HF Compliance Matrix..................................................... MG 20-27 AC 27 MG 21-1 Generic Examples by ATA ........................................................... MG 21-5 AC 27 APX B-1 Rotorcraft Dynamic Stability Requirements for IFR......................Apdx B-27 Page xx
Acronyms AC advisory circular ACO aircraft certification office ADF automatic direction finding ADI attitude direction indicator AEH airborne electronic hardware AEO all engines operating AdFC advanced flight control AFCS automatic flight control systems AFGCS automatic flight guidance and control systems AGL above ground level AHRS attitude heading reference system Amdt. Amendment APU auxiliary power unit ATC air traffic control BIM blade inspection method CAM cockpit area microphone CAR Civil Air Regulations CAS calibrated air speed CBIM cockpit blade inspection method CDP critical decision point CFR Code of Federal Regulations CG center of gravity COTS commercial off-the-shelf CPS cycles per second CRFS crash resistant fuel system CRI certification review item CRT cathode ray tube CVR cockpit voice recorder DER designated engineering representative DME distance measuring equipment EASA European Aviation Safety Agency ECAS engine caution advisory systems ECU environmental control unit EDS electronic data system EFIS electronic flight instrument System[Replaced by EDS.] EFP engine failure point EHE exhaust heat exchanger ELOS equivalent level of safety ELT emergency locator transmitter EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMI electromagnetic interference EMS emergency medical service EOL end of life EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment EVS enhanced vision system FAA Federal Aviation Administration FADEC full authority digital engine control FAR Federal Aviation Regulations FEM FHA FMEA FPM FPS FTA GPS GW HEC HF HIRF HRD HUMS HV IAS ICA ICAO ICS IFR [OBSOLETE term.] finite element modeling functional hazard assessment failure mode and effects analysis feet per minute feet per second fault tree analysis global positioning system gross weight human external cargo high frequency high intensity radiated fields high rate of discharge health and usage monitoring systems height-velocity indicated airspeed instructions for continued airworthiness International Civil Aviation Organization inter-communication system instrument flight rules Page xxi