Appendix D AP PENDIX D. TRAINING CONTENT AND LOGGING PROVISIONS D.
1 Integrated Training Curriculum.
D.1.1 This is a curriculum that can use an Aviation Training Device (ATD) for flight tasks where an instructor teaches the required knowledge in the classroom and then follows with procedural training. For example, in an integrated ground and flight instrument training curriculum, an authorized instructor teaches the required knowledge for an instrument landing system (ILS) approach through ground and classroom training.
The instructor adds flight procedures in the ground training environment. After the student has gained the required knowledge and understands the procedures, the instructor then adds practicing the psychomotor skills of the task. The instructor may do this by providing a simulated flight environment in a specifically approved ATD, flight training device (FTD), or full flight simulator (FFS). When the student becomes proficient with the instrument procedure in the training device, then the instruction would transition to the aircraft to verify proficiency.
D.1.2 The FAA recommends that an instructor who intends to use an ATD for training pilot candidates obtain documented advanced training from the manufacturer (or person proficient with its use) on all aspects of the training device operation. This indoctrination should include a complete review of the available databases, aircraft configurations, systems review (avionics and aircraft systems and performance), weather simulations, systems failure capabilities, instructor station use, and support available from the manufacturer. This would be similar to someone becoming familiar and proficient in a new aircraft as described for transition or differences training.
Note: The FAA recommends that instructors use an ATD in an integrated training curriculum because of the benefits that a structured training course provides.
D.2 Course Content. The FAA expects the instrument tasks below to be incorporated into an integrated ground and flight training curriculum in which an ATD is used. Procedural training for visual flight rules (VFR) operations can also be included in a syllabus or training course outline (TCO) for primary flight training. Procedural tasks might include traffic pattern operations, navigation, slow flight and stalls, control and maneuvering of an aircraft solely by reference to instruments, and emergency operations. Preparation for a flight review could also be incorporated. Training should include FAA-approved TCOs for 14 CFR part 141 flight schools and FAA/Industry Training Standards (FITS). These training tasks would be taught to the proficiency requirements of the certification standards appropriate for the pilot certificate or privilege sought.
D.2.1 Flight by Reference to Instruments.
• Basic attitude flying;
• Straight and level flight;
• Change of airspeed;
• Constant airspeed climbs;
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Appendix D
• Constant airspeed descents;
• Constant rate climbs;
• Constant rate descents;
• Level turns, including standard rate turns;
• Climbing turns;
• Descending turns; and
• Steep turns.
D.2.2 Abnormal and Emergency Procedures.
• Partial panel;
• Timed turns;
• Compass turns and associated errors (if installed);
• Instrument failures;
• Automation failures (primary flight display (PFD), Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, systems management, etc.);
• Flight automation failures (such as autopilot failure) including recovery from potential loss of control;
• Encountering unexpected weather conditions;
• Electrical, systems or equipment failures;
• Procedures for turbulence;
• Loss of control procedures (due to weather radar (WX) conditions, equipment failure, flight automation, etc.);
• Unusual attitude recovery;
• Engine failure(s) (partial or complete); and
• Hydraulic or boost failures.
D.2.3 Radio Navigation Procedures.
• Use of very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR), Localizer (LOC), ILS, and Area Navigation (RNAV) including GPS;
• Holding patterns (VOR, ILS, LOC, GPS, Intersection, and waypoints (WPT));
• Use of distance measuring equipment (DME);
• Use of automatic direction finder (ADF)/non-directional radio beacon (NDB) (optional); and
• Use of autopilot/flight director (FD) (optional).
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Appendix D D.2.4 Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP).
D.2.4.1 Precision:
• ILS,
• Wide area augmentation system (WAAS) with vertical navigation (VNAV) (optional), and
• GPS Landing System (GLS).
D.2.4.2 Nonprecision:
• VOR,
• LOC,
• RNAV (including GPS),
• WAAS (optional),
• ADF/NDB (optional),
• ILS/LOC back course (LOC BC), and
• Missed Approach Procedures (MAP) for all of the procedures above.
D.2.5 Communications Procedures.
• Air traffic control (ATC) clearances;
• Taxi clearance and instructions (emphasis on runway incursion prevention);
• Departure clearance (DCL);
• En route clearances;
• Holding instructions;
• Arrival clearances;
• Missed approach instructions and clearances;
• Radio advisories and warnings;
• Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) and common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF); and
• Significant meteorological information (SIGMET), Airmen’s Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Notices to Airmen (NOTAM), Flight Service Station (FSS), communications, and flight plan changes.
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Appendix D D.2.6 Cross-Country Procedures.
• Departure,
• En route,
• Diversion to alternate,
• Arrival, and
• MAPs.
Note: Training requirements for pilot certification that require cross-country, solo, night, or takeoff and landings cannot be accomplished in ATDs. Some training requirements specify that they must be accomplished in an aircraft.
For example, the 3 hours of control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments described in 14 CFR part 61, § 61.109(a)(3) for a private pilot must be accomplished in a single-engine airplane. Authorized instructors may teach such maneuvers and tasks in an FAA-approved training device (to the Airman Certification Standards (ACS)), and then transition to the aircraft for those same maneuvers and tasks necessary to meet the aeronautical experience requirements required for pilot certification.
D.3 Logging Training Time and Experience. Authorized instructors utilizing an FAA-approved ATD for airmen training, pilot time, and experience requirements are required to log the time as dual instruction and as basic aviation training device (BATD) or advanced aviation training device (AATD) time appropriately. Any columns that reference flight time should remain blank when logging ATD time. ATD time can only be logged as Instruction Received (Dual), Instrument Time, or Total Time as reflected on the pilot time section of FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application. Simulated instrument time can be logged in an ATD, but only during the time when the visual component of the training session is configured for instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and the pilot is maintaining control solely by reference to the flight instruments. Logging time in this fashion will allow a pilot to credit this time towards the aeronautical experience and instrument experience requirements as specified in part 61 or part 141. It is required under § 61.51(b)(1)(iv) that the type and identification of the ATD be included when logging pilot time as described in the letter of authorization (LOA). It is the responsibility of the flight instructor, student, or certificated pilot to verify the device is qualified and approved for training or experience requirements. It would be appropriate for the person using the ATD to retain a copy of the LOA. Evaluators such as Designated Pilot Examiners (DPE) are instructed to request a copy of the LOA from applicants logging ATD pilot time, to verify the time acquired in the trainer qualifies for the minimum experience requirements for a certificate or rating.
Note: There are no restrictions on the amount of training accomplished and logged in training devices. However, the regulatory limitations on maximum credit allowed for the minimum pilot certification requirements are specified by parts 61 and 141 and in the LOA. No approvals or authorizations are provided for aircraft type ratings using ATDs.
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Appendix D D.4 Reporting ATD Use and Training Data. Pilot schools, flight instructors, and owners using an FAA-approved ATD for airmen training or experience requirements are requested to notify the General Aviation and Commercial Division annually that would include the information listed below. This information is voluntary and will be used to continually validate the authorized use of the ATD and to determine whether additional uses or regulatory amendments are necessary. The information provided should be sent to atdrecords@faa.gov. The letter should contain:
• The name, address, and phone number of the individual, organization, and pilot school certificate number (if applicable) providing the training or experience;
• Address and location of the ATD;
• The courses for pilot certification in which the ATD will be used;
• The make and model (M/M) of the ATD being used for training and the LOA expiration date,
• Notice of sale, change of location, or discontinued use of the ATD; and
• Any information considered helpful in determining the level of effectiveness of the device.
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Appendix E AP PENDIX E. EVALUATION AND SUBJECTIVE TEST CRITERIA E .1 General Requirements and Evaluation.
E.1.1 Devices eligible as an Aviation Training Device (ATD) must conform to an acceptable aircraft cockpit configuration and instrument panel design. (See Appendix B, Basic Aviation Training Device (BATD) Requirements, and Appendix C, Advanced Aviation Training Device (AATD) Requirements.) The simulated systems and subsystems should be able to perform operational functions and performance maneuvers that closely mimic the represented aircraft. Specific attention should be given to ergonomic and human factors.
E.1.2 ATDs must be designed to readily facilitate training, practice, and improving piloting skills. This should include both the procedural and operational performance tasks specified in the Airman Certification Standards (ACS). The criteria listed in Appendices B and C and the checklist shown in Table E-1 below will be used to determine whether the design and performance of the training device qualifies for FAA approval as an ATD. The FAA will use the following checklist during the evaluation of an ATD and must be included in the Qualification and Approval Guide (QAG):
Table E-1. Procedures and Tasks Test Checklist Maneuvers and Tasks Yes/No/NA
a) Pretakeoff
1) Engine start
2) Taxi and brake operation
b) Takeoff
1) AIRPLANE Takeoff
i) Run-up and powerplant checks ii) Acceleration characteristics iii) Nosewheel and rudder steering iv) Effect of crosswind
v) Instrument vi) Landing gear, wing flap operation
2) HELICOPTER Takeoff
i) Powerplant checks ii) From hover iii) From ground E-1
Appendix E Maneuvers and Tasks Yes/No/NA iv) Vertical
v) Running
c) In-Flight Operation
1) AIRPLANE In-Flight Operation
i) Climb
(a) Normal and max. performance
(b) One-engine-inoperative procedures (multiengine) ii) Cruise
(a) Performance characteristics (speed vs. power)
(b) Normal and steep turns
(c) Approach to stalls (i.e., stall warning) , stalls, and recovery.
Execute from takeoff, cruise, and approach and landing configurations.
(d) In-flight engine shutdown (multiengine)
(e) Fuel selector function
(f) In-flight engine start iii) Approach
(a) Normal (with and without flaps) (check gear warning, if applicable)
(b) Best glide no power iv) Landings
2) HELICOPTER In-Flight Operation
i) Hovering and air taxi
(a) Forward
(b) Rearward
(c) Sideward
(d) Turns ii) Climb iii) Cruise
(a) Performance characteristics (speed vs. power) E-2
Appendix E Maneuvers and Tasks Yes/No/NA
(b) Turns
(i) Recovery
(ii) Skidding
(iii) Slipping
(iv) Steep turns
(c) In-flight engine shutdown and start (multiengine)
(d) Descents
(e) Straight in and 180º autorotation
(f) Landings
d) Instrument Approaches
1) Nonprecision
i) GPS and LPV ii) GPS-WAAS (optional) iii) All engines operating iv) One or more engines inoperative
v) Approach procedures (VOR, VOR/DME, LOC procedures on an ILS, LDA, RNAV (RDP) or RNAV (GPS) to LNAV, LNAV/VNAV or LPV)
2) Precision
i) ILS ii) GLS (optional) iii) Effects of crosswind iv) With engine inoperative (multiengine)
v) Missed approach
(a) Normal
(b) With engine(s) inoperative (multiengine)
e) Surface Operations
1) AIRPLANE Surface Operations (Post Landing)
i) Approach and landing roll ii) Braking operation E-3
Appendix E Maneuvers and Tasks Yes/No/NA iii) Reverse thrust operation, if applicable
2) HELICOPTER Surface Operations
i) Landings ii) Landing area operations
f) HELICOPTER Emergency Operations
1) Power failure at hover
2) Power failure at altitude
3) System and equipment malfunctions
4) Settling with power (optional)
5) Low rotor RPM recovery (optional)
6) Antitorque system failure
7) Dynamic rollover (optional)
g) Any Flight Phase
1) Aircraft and Powerplant Systems
i) Electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic ii) Flaps (airplane) iii) Fuel selector and oil temp/pressure iv) Landing gear (if applicable)
2) Flight Management and Guidance Systems
i) Autopilot (if standard equipment) ii) Flight director (AATD only)/system displays (if installed) iii) Navigation systems iv) Stall warning systems avoidance (airplane)
v) Multi-function displays (if applicable)
3) Airborne Procedures
i) Holding ii) Uncoordinated turns – slipping and skidding demo E-4
Appendix E Maneuvers and Tasks Yes/No/NA iii) Configuration and power changes and resulting pitch changes
iv) Compass turns and appropriate errors (if installed)
4) Engine Shutdown and Parking
i) Systems operation ii) Parking brake operation (if installed) (airplane)
h) Can simulate engine failure, including failures due to simulated loss of oil pressure or fuel starvation.
i) Can simulate the following equipment or system failures:
1) Alternator or generator failure.
2) Vacuum pump/pressure failure and the associated flight instrument failures.
3) Gyroscopic flight instrument failures.
4) Pitot/static system malfunction and the associated flight instrument failures.
5) Electronic flight deck display malfunctions.
6) Landing gear (if retractable) or flap malfunctions.
j) Independent Instructor Station Requirements (AATD Only)
1) Displays published airways and holding patterns.
2) Displays aircraft position and track.
3) Displays aircraft altitude and speed.
4) Displays NAVAIDs and airports.
5) Can record and replay aircraft ground track history for entire training session.
6) Can invoke instrument or equipment failures.
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Appendix E E.2 Requesting FAA Approval of ATD. The manufacturer of an ATD must include this completed checklist in the QAG and indicate that maneuver or function is executable in the trainer. In some instances, it can be indicated as not applicable (NA) such as multiengine or helicopter requirements. The letter of application signed by the manufacturer must be submitted to the General Aviation and Commercial Division (per Appendix A, General Information), along with a complete QAG describing how the training device meets basic aviation training device (BATD) approval criteria listed in Appendix B, and if applicable the additional advanced aviation training device (AATD) approval criteria listed in Appendix C. The manufacturer must also submit at the time of application an operations manual for the trainer.
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Appendix E Figure E-1. Example Application Letter Requesting Evaluation Dear [Name of FAA ATD Program Manager]: Date:
[Name of manufacturer] requests an evaluation of its [ATD model name] [basic or advanced] aviation training device for approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at:
[Location and address where the functional evaluation is requested].
This training device is fully described in the accompanying Qualification and Approval Guide (QAG) and is completely operational and available for FAA evaluation. The [model name] has been evaluated and tested by [manufacturer name] and appears to meet the minimum criteria for approval as a (BATD or AATD).
The following [manufacturer’s name] personnel have assessed this training device as compliant:
Name Qualification & Title Pilot Name Qualification & Title And attest that:
This training device effectively represents a [category, class, and model aircraft] and the associated systems and subsystems found in that aircraft. Additionally, the performance and handling qualities have been evaluated and adequately represent the category, class, and model of aircraft. The [model name] contains the minimum design features required for a basic aviation training device (BATD), or advanced aviation training device (AATD), as described in Advisory Circular (AC) 61-136, FAA Approval of Aviation Training Devices and Their Use for Training and Experience.
Sincerely, [Signature of Manufacturer or Authorized Representative] [Printed Name of Signatory and contact information, including address, phone number, and email] Enclosures – QAG and Operations Manual for [manufacturer, model name of training device] E-7