Appendix 1 current armed forces pilot rated in fighter type aircraft. The pilot should furnish documentation to be eligible for the exemption.
NOTE: Eclipse Aviation Corporation uses an L-39 Albatross for upset recovery training. Upset recovery training should be conducted in an aircraft certificated for all maneuvers required in the training (aerobatic).
4. FLIGHT SKILLS ASSESSMENT. Flight skills assessment is done to ensure that the pilot has the basic instrument flight skills to enter type rating training. The minimum requirement for the flight skills assessment is that the pilot should successfully complete the equivalent of an instrument proficiency check (IPC). If the pilot fails to meet this minimum during the flight skills assessment then the pilot should successfully complete supplementary training and meet the IPC standard before beginning type rating training.
NOTE: The pilot may be exempt from the flight skills assessment if he or she meets the aeronautical experience requirements for an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) Certificate as specified by § 61.159(a) and meets the following instrument currency requirements: instrument flight time last 90 days-5 hours; instrument approaches last 90 days-10; and instrument evaluation (instrument proficiency check or instrument rating practical test) passed within the last 6 months prior to entering type rating course.
5. INITIAL TYPE RATING TRAINING CURRICULUM. The type rating training course is the core of the training program. The course should not only train the pilot to pass the Airline Transport Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards for Airplane (FAA-S-8081-5, current edition), but also to train the pilot (for single-pilot operations) in single-pilot resource management. This includes training in risk management (RM), automation management (AM), situational awareness (SA), and controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) awareness.
NOTE: For training efficiency the training provider can integrate ground training, systems integration training, and flight training.
a. Minimum Course Length-Flight. Flight time in this section includes FAA-approved simulator and approved flight training device (FTD) time.
(1) Sixteen hours of flight time.
(2) Seven lessons (each of which takes one or more flights to complete).
b. Minimum Course Length/Ground. There is no minimum number of ground training hours, since the amount of additional systems instruction required when the pilot arrives for type rating training will depend on how many hours the training provider credits for the pre-type-rating prerequisite systems training (Web-based, computer-based training (CBT), etc.).
The principal operations inspector (POI) will need to determine if the prerequisite training is comprehensive enough to eliminate any of the ground training areas listed below. The training provider should have a system in place that tests the pilot’s knowledge in the learning areas to ensure that the pilot has all the requisite knowledge. Finally, all special emphasis items should be taught in ground school, regardless of their coverage in the pre-type-rating training.
Appendix 1
c. Course Completion Standards.
• Provide the pilot with the knowledge and skills to successfully pass the FAA Type Rating Practical Test, and
• Provide the pilot with the higher order thinking skills (risk management (RM), task management (TM), AM, aeronautical decision making (ADM), SA, and CFIT awareness) needed to operate the EA-500 with the highest degree of safety in foreseeable operating environments.
d. Scenario Evaluation/Learner Centered Grading. The Eclipse Aviation Corporation designed their training program under the FAA/Industry Training Standards (FITS) methodology. This methodology uses scenario based training (SBT) and learner centered grading to train and enhance the high order thinking skills (Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM, RM, AM, CFIT awareness, and SA) needed to safely operate the EA-500 as a single-pilot. Although FITS acceptance is not required to obtain FAA approval to conduct EA-500 training, FITS methodology has been shown to be effective in the development of higher order thinking skills. If a training provider requests FITS acceptance along with FAA approval, the POI will evaluate the curriculum to insure that it meets the FITS acceptance requirements.
Detailed information on how to apply FITS methodology can be found on the FITS website at http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/. Guidance on FITS acceptance can be found in FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 5, Airman Certification, Chapter 9, Other Airmen Authorizations, Section 5, Issue an FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) Acceptance When Requested by a Flight School, Training Center, or Other Training Provider.
e. Course Content.
NOTE: The training provider should note special emphasis items (per the FSB report). Special emphasis training includes systems, procedures or other training elements that are unique to the aircraft and should be given a higher degree of emphasis than regular training.
(1) Ground Training Content. The training provider should include the following list of subjects in the ground training content of the initial type rating training curriculum.
(a) Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) (special emphasis item). The first objective of this training section is to provide the pilot with knowledge of SRM basic elements and the understanding of the importance of SRM in single-pilot EA-500 operation. The second objective is to provide the EA-500 pilot with the knowledge, skills, procedures, and tools needed to identify single-pilot work load drivers and manage that workload within the resources available. The following are subelements of SRM:
1. Basic SRM elements:
• SRM definition and concepts, and
• Application of SRM.
Appendix 1
2. Single-pilot workload drivers:
• Key factors creating workload, and
• Managing workload.
3. Maintaining SA:
• Definition and concept of SA,
• AM, and
• Maintaining SA in the EA-500.
4. Using available resources:
• Resource categories for SRM,
• Managing resources, and
• Using SRM in the EA-500.
NOTE: If the training course is for pilot certification with a second in command (SIC) required, Crew Resource Management (CRM) training is to replace SRM training.
(b) RM (special emphasis item). The objective of this section is to (1) develop the pilot’s knowledge of the three elements of RM: risk identification, risk assessment, and risk mitigation and (2) to develop the pilot’s skill and ability to apply RM principles to the operation of the EA-500 in the high airspeed air traffic control (ATC) and high altitude physiological environments using simple risk assessment tools.
1. Overview:
• System safety principles,
• Hazards and risks,
• Risk severity and likelihood, and
• Risk principles.
2. Risk identification:
• Categories of risk, and
• Use of a risk identification model (PAVE, IM-SAFE, etc.).
3. Risk assessment:
• Assessment of hazards and risks, and
• Use of risk assessment matrix.
Appendix 1
4. Risk mitigation:
• Categories of mitigation, and
• Use of a risk mitigation model (TEAM, etc.).
(c) Personal minimums. The objective of this section is to provide the EA-500 pilot with (1) an understanding of the concept of personal minimums and how to use them following completion of supervised operating experience, and (2) familiarity with personal minima categories and how they are used during flight planning.
1. Basic elements of personal minimums:
• Need for personal minimums, and
• Personal minimums concepts.
2. Application of personal minimums:
• Categories of personal minimums, and
• Application of personal minimums during the preflight planning process.
(d) Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) review.
(e) Aircraft limitations.
(f) Aircraft performance, performance airspeeds, and flight profiles (including performance characteristics with ice protection system on).
(g) Weight and Balance (W&B).
(h) Aircraft maintenance and use of minimum equipment list (MEL)/Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL).
(i) Aircraft general description.
(j) Avio (Avio NG as appropriate) integrated avionics suite.
(k) Aircraft computer system.
(l) Air data system (ADS) and Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) ADS.
• Aircraft Computer System (ACS) interfaces;
• System overview;
• System operation; and
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations.
(m) Aircraft engines, full-authority digital electronic control (FADEC) and Automatic Power Reserve (APR).
Appendix 1
(n) Electronic power distribution system.
1. Electrical power distribution system, interior and exterior lighting.
2. ACS interfaces.
3. System overview.
4. System operation.
• Electrical components,
• Electrical buses and structure, and
• Pilot controls for the electrical system.
5. Normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures focusing on avionics and electronic power distribution systems (special emphasis item).
6. Effect on engines with total loss of electrical power.
7. Relationship of Electronic Buses and Data Buses (special emphasis item).
(o) Relationship of the ACS, FADEC, Avionics System and Electronic Power Distribution System (special emphasis item).
(p) Primary flight displays (PFD) and controls. The objective is to provide a detailed description of the EA-500 PFD, including components, normal and abnormal operations as required by the Air Traffic Rules and Procedures Service (ATP) and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards (PTS).
1. PFD.
2. General.
3. ACS interfaces.
4. Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA).
5. Airspeed tape.
6. Attitude-Director Indicator (ADI).
7. Altitude tape.
8. Vertical speed tape.
9. Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS):
• Communication,
• Navigation,
Appendix 1
• Surveillance,
• Horizontal situation indicator (HSI), and
• Composite mode.
(q) Multifunction displays (MFD) and controls. The objective is to provide a detailed description of the EA-500 MFD, including components, and normal and abnormal operations as required by the ATP and Aircraft Type Rating PTS.
1. MFD.
2. General.
3. ACS interfaces.
4. Backup ADI.
5. Systems information:
• Engine,
• Landing gear,
• Flaps,
• Pressurization,
• Fuel, and
• Flight controls.
6. Crew Alert System (CAS) message/alerting:
• Location,
• Types of messages and definition,
• Hierarchy of messages,
• Appearance,
• Use of CAS knob, and
• Alerting (AURALS).
7. MFD tile management:
• Line select key review,
• Left right bezel keys,
• Primary function keys,
• Performance,
• W&B, and
• AFM.
(r) System synoptic pages.
(s) Warning systems and takeoff configuration protection.
Appendix 1
(t) Flight controls/mechanical.
1. Flight controls.
2. ACS interfaces.
3. Stick pusher system (special emphasis item).
4. System overview.
5. System operation.
6. Use of alternate trim (special emphasis item).
7. Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations:
• Takeoff configuration protection, and
• TO CONFIG OK and CONFIG Warnings.
(u) Autoflight system. The objective of this section is to provide a detailed description of the EA-500 Autoflight system as required by the ATP and Aircraft Type Rating PTS.
1. Functions:
• Three axis AP functions,
• Pitch autotrim,
• Flight director (FD),
• Yaw damper,
• Stick pusher,
• Speed protection, and
• Flight mode annunciation.
2. ACS interfaces.
3. Aircraft interfaces:
• Trim,
• Flight management system (FMS),
• Sidestick,
• Air-data computers (ADC),
• AHRS and Multifunction Display (MFD), and
• Global Positioning System (GPS).
Appendix 1
4. Pilot interfaces:
• AP control panel,
• Sidestick, and
• PFD.
5. Modes of operation:
• Lateral,
• Vertical,
• Pilot assisting, and
• Envelope protection.
(v) Landing gear and brakes.
• ACS interfaces;
• System overview;
• System operation; and
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations (special emphasis item).
(w) Fuel system.
• ACS interfaces;
• System overview;
• System operation; and
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations.
(x) Pneumatics.
(y) Pressurization system.
• Pressurization and climate control;
• ACS interfaces;
• System overview;
• System operation; and
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations.
(z) Air conditioning.
(aa) Oxygen system.
• ACS interfaces;
• High altitude physiology review (special emphasis item);
• System overview;
• System operation;
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations; and
• Donning of oxygen masks (special emphasis item).
Appendix 1 (bb) Ice and rain protection.
• ACS interfaces;
• System overview;
• System operation; and
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations.
(cc) Fire protection system.
• ACS interfaces;
• System overview;
• System operation; and
• Normal, abnormal, and emergency operations.
(dd) Preflight procedures.
(ee) Normal procedures.
(ff) Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) policies and procedures.
The objective of this section is to provide the pilot with an understanding of the RVSM policies and origin, procedures for its use, and aircraft limitations and requirements.
(gg) Abnormal and emergency procedures.
(hh) Generator, ACS, or flight bite data bus failures.
(ii) Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS).
(jj) Traffic advisory system (TAS).
(kk) Automatic direction finder (ADF) system.
(ll) Distance measuring equipment (DME) systems.
(mm) Operations into known icing (special emphasis item).
(nn) Garmin 400W long-range navigation (LRNS) system.
(oo) Use of takeoff/go-around (TOGA) System.
(pp) Differences training from base EA-500 items.
• Extended Tip Tank (ETT) Modification Differences;
• Avio NG Avionics System Differences; and
• Weather Radar (WX).
Appendix 1
(2) Systems Integration Training Cockpit Procedures Trainer/FTD/Flight Simulator or Aircraft. The following is a list of items that should be practiced/trained in a cockpit procedures trainer, approved FTD, approved flight simulator, or in the EA-500 while on the ground:
(a) Cockpit orientation.
(b) Primary flight display (PFD)/multifunction display (MFD) preflight setup.
(c) Quick reference handbook (QRH) review, cockpit setup and flow procedures.
(d) Setup of the flight director (FD) and Autopilot (AP) Control Panel (special emphasis item).
(e) Instrument approach tuning and setup.
(f) Avio systems integration (special emphasis item).
(g) Avionics systems and abnormal procedures (special emphasis item).
(h) Communication tuning and setup.
(i) Analysis of system synoptic pages.
(j) Use of keyboard (special emphasis item).
(k) CAS messaging system.
(l) CAS logic and abnormal procedures (special emphasis item).
(m) Quick reference handbook (QRH) review, cockpit setup flows and procedures.
(n) AP overview.
(o) Setup of the AP control panel.
(p) PFD flight mode annunciations.
(q) Abnormal and emergency procedures.
(r) Donning of oxygen masks (special emphasis item).
(s) Use PFD, MFD and composite mode (special emphasis item).
(t) ACS, ADC, generator and flight bite data bus failures.
(u) Use of alternate trim (special emphasis item).
(v) Programming the Garmin 400W LRNS.
Appendix 1
(w) Use of ice protection system (special emphasis item).
(x) EA-500 differences training.
(y) Optional Systems Operation including WX, TAS, and TAWS.
(3) Flight Training Requirements. To meet the completion standards, most flight lessons should be scenario based. It is understood that the training provider can and should incorporate repetitive skills based training into the flight lessons and/or scenarios. The training provider should incorporate SRM, RM, ADM, AM, SA, and CFIT awareness training throughout the flight training. The training provider should incorporate learner centered grading into the entire training program.
(a) The training program should include a minimum of 16 hours of flight time in seven or more lessons.
(b) Training providers may use FAA-approved simulators and/or FTDs to accomplish the flight training requirements.
(c) The training program should include flight training operations in Class A, C, and D airspace. The FAA encourages Flight training operations in Class B, E, and G.
(d) The training program should include night flight. If a mentor program is part of the training program, and night flight is a required part of mentor program, then the FAA does not require a night flight in the type rating training program. If the pilot is not subject to a mentor program, or if the mentor program does not have a requirement for night flight, then night flight is required in the type rating training program.
1. Exterior preflight inspection.
2. Cockpit/cabin setup.
3. Aircraft systems tests and checks.
4. Before-takeoff procedures.
5. Rejected takeoffs and landings.
6. Pitch attitude, power settings, and airspeed combinations (including steep turns, slow flight, approaches to stalls, and stick pusher demonstration).
7. Maneuvering at best single-engine rate-of-climb speed (VYSE).
8. Basic and advanced flight maneuvers required for EA-500 practical test.
9. Jet aircraft traffic pattern operations.
10. Departure and arrival procedures.
Appendix 1
11. Instrument approaches, missed approach procedures, and holding.
12. Icing considerations.
13. RVSM considerations.
14. Engine shutdown and restart.
15. Single-engine approach and landing from precision/non-precision approaches.
16. Single-engine missed approaches.
17. No flap takeoffs.
18. No flap/partial flap landings.
19. En route and high altitude operations.
20. Loss of pressurization and use of oxygen.
21. Emergency descents.
22. Abnormal and emergency procedures.
23. Smoke and fumes removal.
24. Unusual attitude recoveries.
25. Specific avionics system emergencies.
26. Loss of MFD/PFD.
27. Use of PFD, MFD, and composite mode (special emphasis item).
28. Instrument approaches with PFD/MFD in composite mode (special emphasis item).
29. Use of CAS messaging system (special emphasis item).
30. High altitude single-pilot operations (special emphasis item).
31. Loss of all direct current (DC) power and effect on the aircraft and the FADEC system (special emphasis item).
32. Other electrical system malfunctions (special emphasis item).
33. Donning of oxygen masks (special emphasis item).