LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
DURING CONSTRUCTION Day it not one Red Lughs T he under 90 152 m) Note:
• = L-810 (Single Light) See paragraph 5.2. regarding IR specifications for LED-based red obstruction lights.
Figure A-30. Marking and Lighting of Turbines During Construction 93
CRAWLER CRANE MARKING AND LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Prominent Coloring and Flag Night Protection = 32 cd Red Light S = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) B* = Checkered Flag (Orange/White, 36 in by 36 in) = L-810 (Single Light) Figure A-31. Crawler Crane Marking and Lighting 94
TOWER CRANE MARKING AND LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Prominent Coloring and Checkered Flag Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) P€ = Checkered Flag (Orange/White, 36 in by 36 in) = L-810 (Single Light) Figure A-32. Tower Crane Marking and Lighting 95
CONTAINER CRANE MARKING AND LIGHTING ay / Twilight Protection = Prominent Coloring and Fla light Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Ligh = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) * = Checkered Flag (Orange/White, 36 in by 36 in) = L-810 (Single Light) Figure A-33. Container Crane Marking and Lighting 96
APPENDIX B: MISCELLANEOUS B-1. Rationale for Obstruction Light Intensities.
Sections 91.117, 91.119 and 91.155 of 14 CFR Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules, prescribe aircraft speed restrictions, minimum safe altitudes, and basic visual flight rules (VFR) weather minimums for governing the operation of aircraft, including helicopters, within the United States.
B-2. Distance Versus Intensities.
Table B-1 indicates at what distance the various candela intensities are visible under one and three statute mile meteorological visibilities:
Table B-1. Distance and Intensity
Time Period Meteorological Visibility Statute Miles Distance Statute Miles Intensity Candelas Night 2.9 (4.67 km) 1,500 (±25%) 3 (4.83 km) 3.1 (4.99 km) 2,000 (±25%)
1.4 (2.25 km) 32 Day 1.5 (2.41 km) 200,000 1 (1.61 km) 1.4 (2.25 km) 100,000
1.0 (1.61 km) 20,000 (±25%) Day 3.0 (4.83 km) 200,000 3 (4.83 km) 2.7 (4.35 km) 100,000
1.8 (2.90 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 1 (1.61 km) 1.0 (1.61 km) to 1.5 (2.41 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 3 (4.83 km) 1.8 (2.90 km) to 4.2 (6.76 km) 20,000 (±25%) Note: Distance calculated for north sky illuminance
B-3. Conclusion.
Aircraft pilots travelling at 165 knots (189.88 miles per hour (mph)/305.58 kilometers per hour (kph)) or less should be able to see obstruction lights in sufficient time to avoid the structure by at least 2,000 feet (609.60 m) horizontally under all conditions of operation, provided the pilot is operating in accordance with 14 CFR Part 91. Pilots operating 250 knots (287.70 mph/463.00 kph) aircraft should be able to see the obstruction lights unless the weather deteriorates to 1 SM (1.61 km) visibility at night, during which time period 2,000 candelas enables the light to be seen at 1.2 SM (1.93 km). To provide an acquisition distance of
1.5 SM (2.41 km), a higher intensity of 20,000 candelas would be required. This light, with 3 SM visibility at night, could generate a residential annoyance factor. In addition, aircraft at these speeds can normally be expected to operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) at night when the visibility is 1 SM (1.61 km).
Figure B-1. Illustration of Acquisition Distance Calculation
B-4. Definitions.
Note: The 2,000-foot avoidance distance comes from the guy wires of a 2,000-foot structure. The guy wires at a 45-degree angle would be at a distance of 1,500 feet from the structure at a 500-foot elevation. Since the aircraft is to be 500 feet clear of obstacles (the guy wire), the distance of avoidance from the structure is 1,500 + 500 = 2,000 feet (see Figure B-1).
B-4.1 Flight Visibility.
The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.
Reference: Airman’s Information Manual Pilot/Controller Glossary.
B-4.2 Meteorological Visibility.
A term that denotes the greatest distance, expressed in statute miles, that selected objects (visibility markers) or lights of moderate intensity (25 candelas) can be seen and identified under specified conditions of observation.
B-4.2 Lighting System Configuration.
1. Configuration A. Red Obstruction Lighting System.
2. Configuration B. High-Intensity White Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance 40 feet or less.
3. Configuration C. High-Intensity White Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance greater than 40 feet.
4. Configuration D. Medium-Intensity White Obstruction Lights.
5. Configuration E. Medium-Intensity Dual White and Red Obstruction Lights.
6. Configuration F. High-Intensity Dual Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance greater than 40 feet.
7. Configuration G. High-Intensity Dual Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance 40 feet or less.
Example: “Configuration B 3” denotes a high-intensity lighting system with three levels of light.
APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS
Abbreviation Meaning AC Advisory Circular ADLS Aircraft Detection Lighting System AGL Above Ground Level AMSL Above Mean Sean Level CFR Code of Federal Regulations CM Centimeter DSP Defense Standardization Program F Flashing Lights FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission FPM Flashes Per Minute IFR Instrument Flight Rules IR IFR Military Training Route KHZ Kilohertz KM Kilometers KPH Kilometre Per Hour KV Kilovolts LED Light Emitting Diode LUX Lumen Per Square Meter M Meter MET Meteorological Evaluation Tower MHZ Megahertz MPH Miles Per Hour NAS National Airspace System NAVAIDS Navigational Aids NM Nautical Mile NOTAM Notice to Airmen NVG Night Vision Goggles OEG Obstruction Evaluation Group SM Statue Mile URL Uniform Resource Locator UV Ultra Violet US United States VFR Visual Flight Rules