continuously monitored within the 3 NM/1,000 foot (5.56 km/304.80 m) volume, the ADLS should initiate a 30-minute timer to keep the obstruction lights on until the timer expires.
This should provide the untracked aircraft sufficient time to exit the area and give the ADLS time to reset.
2. For ADLSs without the capability of monitoring aircraft targets in the 3 NM/1,000 foot (5.56 km/304.80 m) volume, the obstruction lights should stay on for a preset amount of time, calculated as follows:
a. For single obstacles: seven minutes.
b. For groups of obstacles: (the widest dimension of the group in nautical miles + 6) x 90 seconds, equals the number of seconds the light(s) should remain on.
10.2.3. Approval of an ADLS will be on a case-by-case basis and may be modified, adjusted, or denied based on proximity of the obstruction or group of obstructions to airports, low-altitude flight routes, military training areas, or other areas of frequent flight activity. It may be appropriate to keep certain obstructions closest to these known activity areas illuminated during the nighttime hours, while the remainder of the group’s obstruction lighting is controlled by the ADLS.
10.2.4. Project sponsors requesting the use of ADLS should indicate the location of the proposed sensors, range of each sensor, and a visual indication showing how each sensor’s detection arc provides the full horizontal and vertical coverage, as required under paragraph 10.2.1 on their application maps or diagrams. In the event that detection coverage is not 100 percent due to terrain masking, project sponsors should provide multiple maps or diagrams that indicate coverage at the affected altitudes. A sample diagram is shown in Figure A-20.
10.2.5. Types of ADLS component or system failure events.
1. In the event of an ADLS component or system failure, the ADLS should automatically turn on all the obstruction lighting and operate in accordance with this AC as if it was not controlled by an ADLS. The obstruction lighting must remain in this state until the ADLS and its components are fully restored.
2. In the event that an ADLS component failure occurs and an individual obstruction light cannot be controlled by the ADLS, but the rest of the ADLS is functional, that particular obstruction light should automatically turn on and operate in accordance with this AC as if it was not controlled by an ADLS, and the remaining obstruction lights can continue to be controlled by the ADLS. The obstruction lighting will remain in this state until the ADLS and its components are restored.
3. Complete light failure should be addressed in accordance with Chapter 2, paragraph 2.4.
10.2.6. The ADLS’s communication and operational status must be checked at least once every 24 hours to ensure both systems are operational.
10.2.7. The ADLS should be able to detect an aircraft with a cross-sectional area of one square meter or more within the volume, as required in subparagraphs 10.2.1.1. and 10.2.1.2.
10.2.8. Each ADLS installation should maintain a log of activity data for a period of no less than the previous 15 days. This data should include, but not be limited to, the date, time, duration of all system activations/deactivations, track of aircraft activity, maintenance issues, system errors, communication and operational issues, lighting outages/issues, etc.
10.2.9. Operational frequencies.
1. Unlicensed devices (including FCC Part 15) cannot be used for this type of system.
2. Any frequency used for the operation of ADLS must be individually licensed through the FCC.
CHAPTER 11. MARKING AND LIGHTING OF CATENARY AND CATENARY
SUPPORT STRUCTURES
11.1 Purpose.
This chapter provides guidelines for marking and lighting catenary and catenary support structures. For the purpose of marking and lighting, catenary is defined as suspended wires (or lines) kept at a defined mechanical tension by supporting structures. These wires may be either energized or non-energized and are used for transmission, distribution, or other purposes, as defined. The recommended marking and lighting of both the structures and wires provides day and night conspicuity and assists pilots in identifying and avoiding catenary wires and associated support structures. Catenary lines that are suspended across open areas such as rivers, canyons, and lakes create a unique hazard to pilots. The term “violation area” is used to describe these open areas within the catenary span that an aircraft would most likely encounter the wires.
11.2 Lighted Spherical Markers.
11.2.1. Lighted markers are available for increased night conspicuity of high-voltage (69 kV or greater) transmission line catenary wires. These markers should be used on transmission line catenary wires near airports, heliports, across rivers, canyons, lakes, etc. The lighted markers should be manufacturer-certified as recognizable from a minimum distance of 4,000 feet (1,219.20 m) under nighttime conditions, minimum Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions, or having a minimum intensity of at least 32.5 candelas. The lighting unit should emit a steady-burning, red light.
11.2.2. Lighted markers should be installed on the highest energized line. If the lighted markers are installed on a line other than the highest catenary, then markers specified in paragraph 11.3.2, should be used in addition to the lighted markers. The maximum distance between the line energizing the lighted markers and the highest catenary above the lighted marker should be no more than 25 feet (7.62 m) and must not violate the sag requirements of the transmission line design (see Figure A-25).
Lighted markers should be distinctively shaped, (i.e., spherical or cylindrical) so they are not mistaken for items that are used to convey other information. They should be visible in all directions from which aircraft are likely to approach. The area in the immediate vicinity of the supporting structure’s base should be clear of all items and/or objects of natural growth that could interfere with the line-of-sight between a pilot and the structure’s lights (see Figure A-21).
When a catenary wire crossing requires three or more supporting structures, the inner structures should be equipped with enough light units per level to provide full coverage from which aircraft are likely to approach.
11.3 Catenary Marking Standards.
Catenary wires should be marked with lighted or unlighted marker balls to make the wires more
visible to pilots approaching the hazard. High-voltage (69 kilovolts (kV) or greater) transmission lines are typically mounted on large catenary support structures and should be fitted with lighted markers to provide sufficient conspicuity in both day and nighttime conditions. Transmission lines that are less than 69 kV are typically mounted on smaller catenary support structures and should be fitted with unlighted markers that provide daytime conspicuity.
11.3.1 Lighted Catenary Markers.
Lighted markers provide increased nighttime conspicuity of high-voltage (69 kV or greater) transmission line catenary wires. However, since lighted markers require a minimum line load to operate, it should be noted that the lights may not be operational under certain transmission system conditions, such as power outages or line maintenance. Whenever possible, these lighted markers should be used on transmission line catenary wires near airports, heliports, across rivers, canyons, lakes, areas of known risk to aviation, etc.
The lighted markers should be manufacturer-certified as, visible and recognizable from a minimum distance of 4,000 feet (1,219.20 m) under nighttime conditions and under minimum VFR conditions, and have a minimum intensity of at least 32.5 candelas. Markers should be distinctively shaped, i.e., spherical or cylindrical, so that they are not mistaken for items used to convey other information. The lighting unit should emit a steady-burning red light and be mounted on the highest energized line, visible to a pilot approaching from any direction. If the lighted markers are installed on a line other than the highest catenary wire, then unlighted markers should be used in addition to the lighted markers (see Figure A-24).
1. Size and Color.
The diameter of the markers (lighted and unlighted) used on extensive catenary wires that cross canyons, lakes, rivers, etc., should not be less than 36 inches (91.44 cm). The 20-inch (50.80 centimeters (cm)) markers, or smaller 12-inch (30.48 cm) markers, are permitted on less extensive catenary wires or on power lines below 50 feet (15.24 m) above the ground and within 1,500 feet (457.20 m) of an airport runway end. Each lighted marker should be a solid color;
specifically aviation orange, white, or yellow. Transmission lines that are configured in a “double-bundled” arrangement would typically require the larger 36-inch (91.44 cm) markers, however the next smaller size marker may be used to prevent the marker from rubbing against the parallel transmission line.
Note: For the purposes of this advisory circular, the term “extensive” is used to describe catenary wire crossings that extend across an open area that an aircraft could be reasonably expected to fly at or below the altitude that the catenary wires are suspended.
“Less extensive” is used to describe catenary wire crossings that extend across an open area that an aircraft could reasonably be expected to fly at or above the same altitude.
2. Installation.
a. Spacing. Lighted markers should be spaced equally along the wire at intervals of
approximately 200 feet (60.96 m), or a fraction thereof. Intervals between markers should be less in critical areas near runway ends, i.e., 30 feet to 50 feet (9.14 m to 15.24 m). If the lighted markers are installed on a line other than the highest catenary wire, then unlighted markers specified in paragraph 11.3.2, should be used in addition to the lighted markers. The lighted markers may be installed alternately along each wire if the distance between adjacent markers meets the 200-foot (60.96m) spacing standard. This method allows the weight and wind loading factors to be distributed.
b. Pattern. An alternating color scheme provides the most conspicuity against all backgrounds. Lighted and unlighted markers should be installed by alternating solidcolored markers of aviation orange, white, and yellow. Normally, an orange marker is placed at each end of a line and the spacing is adjusted (not to exceed 200 feet (60.96 m)) to accommodate the rest of the markers. When less than four markers are used, they should all be aviation orange (see Figure A-24).
c. Wire Sag. Wire sag or droop will occur due to temperature, wire weight, wind, etc. The maximum sag distance between the line energizing the lighted markers and the highest catenary wire above the lighted markers should be no more than 25 feet (7.62 m), and it should not violate the sag requirements of the transmission line design.
d. Adjacent Lines. Catenary crossings with multiple transmission lines require appropriate markers when the adjacent catenary structure’s outside lines are greater than 200 feet
(60.96 m) away from the center of the primary structure (see Figure A-23). If the outside lines of the adjacent catenary structure are within 200 feet (60.96 m) or less from the center of the primary structure, markers are not required on the adjacent lines (see Figure A-22). If the catenary crossing is within close proximity to an airport, specifically within 1,500 feet (458 m) of an airport runway end, then all catenary lines should be marked, regardless of their proximity to each other.
11.3.2 Unlighted Catenary Markers.
Unlighted markers provide increased daytime conspicuity of non-high-voltage (less than 69 kV) transmission line catenary wires. These unlighted markers should be used on transmission line catenary wires near airports, heliports, across rivers, canyons, lakes, areas of known risk to aviation, etc. where lighted markers are not possible.
The unlighted markers should be manufacturer-certified as recognizable from a minimum distance of 4,000 feet (1,219.20 m) under daytime, VFR conditions. Markers should be distinctively shaped, i.e., spherical or cylindrical, so that they are not mistaken for items used to convey other information. Unlighted markers should be mounted on the highest catenary line, visible to a pilot approaching from any direction.
3. Size and Color.
The diameter of the unlighted markers used on extensive catenary wires that cross canyons, lakes, rivers, etc., should not be less than 36 inches (91.44 cm). The 20-inch (50.80-cm) markers, or smaller 12-inch (30.48-cm) markers are permitted on less extensive catenary wires or on power lines below 50 feet (15.24 m) above the ground and within 1,500 feet
(457.20 m) of an airport runway end. Each unlighted marker should be a solid color;
specifically aviation orange, white, or yellow. For transmission lines that are configured in a “double-bundled” arrangement and would typically require the larger 36-inch markers, the next smaller size marker may be used to prevent the marker from rubbing against the parallel transmission line.
Note: For the purposes of this advisory circular, the term “extensive” is used to describe catenary wire crossings that extend across an open area that an aircraft could be reasonably expected to fly at or below the altitude that the catenary wires are suspended.
“Less extensive” is used to describe catenary wire crossings that extend across an open area that an aircraft could be reasonable expected to fly at or above the same altitude.
4. Installation.
a. Spacing. Unlighted markers should be spaced equally along the wire at intervals of approximately 200 feet (60.96 m), or a fraction thereof. Intervals between markers should be less in critical areas near runway ends, i.e., 30 feet to 50 feet (9.14 m to 15.24 m). The unlighted markers may be installed alternately along each wire if the distance between adjacent markers meets the 200-foot (60.96 m) spacing standard. This method allows the weight and wind loading factors to be distributed (see Figure A-21).
b. Pattern. An alternating color scheme provides the most conspicuity against all backgrounds. Unlighted markers should be installed by alternating solid- colored markers of aviation orange, white, and yellow. Normally, an orange marker is placed at each end of a line and the spacing is adjusted (not to exceed 200 feet (60.96 m)) to accommodate the rest of the markers. When less than four markers are used, they should all be aviation orange.
c. Wire Sag. Wire sag or droop will occur due to temperature, wire weight, wind, etc. The maximum sag distance between the line holding the unlighted markers and the next lowest catenary wire should be no more than 25 feet (7.62 m), and it should not violate the sag requirements of the transmission line design.
d. Adjacent Lines. Catenary crossings with multiple transmission lines require appropriate markers when the adjacent catenary structure’s outside lines are greater than 200 feet
(60.96 m) away from the center of the primary catenary structure (see Figure A-25). If the outside lines of the adjacent catenary structure are within 200 feet (60.96 m) or less from the center of the primary catenary structure, markers are not required on the adjacent line.
11.4 Catenary Lighting Standards.
When using medium-intensity flashing white (L-866), high-intensity flashing white (L-857), dual medium-intensity (L-866/L-885), or dual high-intensity (L-857/L-885) lighting systems operated 24 hours a day, other marking of the support structure is not necessary.
1. Levels. A system of three levels of sequentially flashing light units should be installed on each supporting structure or adjacent terrain. One level should be installed at the top of the structure, one at the height of the lowest point in the catenary wire, and one level approximately midway between the other two light levels. In general, the middle level should be at least 50 feet (15.24 m) from the other two levels. The middle light unit may be omitted when the distance between the top and the bottom light levels is less than 100 feet (30.48 m).
a. Top Levels. One or more lights should be installed at the top of the structure to provide 360-degree coverage, ensuring an unobstructed view. If the installation presents a potential danger to maintenance personnel or inhibits lightning protection, the top level of lights may be mounted as low as 20 feet (6.10 m) below the highest point of the structure.
b. Horizontal Coverage. The light units at the middle and bottom levels should be installed to provide a minimum of 180-degree coverage, centered perpendicularly to the flyway. When a catenary crossing is situated near a bend in a river, canyon, etc., or is not perpendicular to the flyway, the horizontal beam should be directed to provide the most effective light coverage to warn pilots approaching from either direction of the catenary wires.
c. Variation. The vertical and horizontal arrangements of the lights may be subject to the structural limits of the towers and/or adjacent terrain. A tolerance of 20 percent from uniform spacing of the bottom and middle light is allowed. If the base of the supporting structure(s) is higher than the lowest point in the catenary, such as a canyon crossing, one or more lights should be installed on the adjacent terrain at the level of the lowest point in the span. These lights should be installed on the structure or terrain at the height of the lowest point in the catenary (see Figure A-25).
2. Flash Sequence and Duration. The flash sequence for catenary wire support structures should be middle, top, and bottom with all lights on the same level flashing simultaneously. This pattern of flashes is designed to present a unique signal that pilots should interpret as a warning that catenary wires are in the vicinity of the lights. The time intervals for the sequence and duration of the flash pattern are outlined in FAA AC 150/5345-43, Specification for Obstruction Lighting Equipment. If Light-Emitting Diode (LED) obstruction light fixtures are used to light catenary wires, a slower flash rate of 40 fpm is allowed to enable each light fixture to make a well-defined flash so that the middle-topbottom flash pattern will be easily recognized. Field experience has shown that LED fixtures flashing at 60 fpm, as specified in AC 150/5345-43, do not have enough time to turn off in between flash cycles, and appear as if they are steady-burning. Slowing the flash rate to 40
fpm promotes a cleaner, crisper presentation for the pilot to recognize. In the event there are only two levels of lights, the lights should simply alternate at the same flash rate/duration as if there were three lights.
3. Synchronization. Although not required, it is preferred that the corresponding light levels on associated supporting towers of a catenary crossing flash simultaneously.
4. Structures 700 feet (213.36 m) AGL or less. When medium-intensity white lights (L-866) are operated 24 hours a day or when a dual red/medium-intensity light system (L-866 daytime and twilight/L-885 nighttime) is used, marking can be omitted. When using a mediumintensity white light (L-866) or a flashing red light (L-885) during twilight or nighttime only, paint should be used for daytime marking.
5. Structures exceeding 700 feet (213.36 m) AGL. When high-intensity white lights (L-857) are operated 24 hours a day or when a dual red/high-intensity system (L-857 daytime and twilight/L-885 nighttime) is used, marking can be omitted. This system should not be used on structures 700 feet (213.36 m) or less unless an FAA aeronautical study shows otherwise.
When a flashing red obstruction light (L-885), a medium-intensity (L-866) flashing white lighting system, or a high-intensity white lighting system (L-857) is used for nighttime and twilight only, paint should be used for daytime marking.
11.5 Control Device.
The light intensity is controlled by a device (photocell) that changes the intensity when the ambient light changes. The illuminance-sensing device should, if practical, face the northern sky in the Northern Hemisphere and the lighting system should automatically change intensity steps when the northern sky illuminance reaching a north-facing vertical surface is as follows:
1. Day-to-Twilight (L-857 System). This should not occur before the illumination drops to 60 foot-candles (645.83 lux) but should occur before it drops below 35 foot-candles (376.74 lux).
2. Twilight-to-Night (L-857 System). This should not occur before the illumination drops below 5 foot-candles (53.82 lux) but should occur before it drops below 2 foot-candles (21.53 lux).
3. Night-to-Day. The intensity changes listed in subparagraph 11.4.1 and 11.4.2 above should be reversed when changing from the night-to-day mode.
4. Day-to-Night (L-866 or L-885/L-866). This should not occur before the illumination drops below 5 foot-candles (563.82 lux) but should occur before it drops below 2 foot-candles
(21.53 lux).
5. Night-to-Day. The intensity changes listed in subparagraph 11.1.4.4 above should be reversed when changing from the night-to-day mode.
6. Red Obstruction (L-885). The red lights should not turn on until the illumination drops below 60 foot-candles (645.83 lux) but should occur before reaching a level of 35 foot-candles
(367.74 lux). Lights should not turn off before the illumination rises above 35 foot-candles
(367.76 lux) but should occur before reaching 60 foot-candles (645.83 lux).
11.6 Area Surrounding Catenary Wire Support Structures.
The area in the immediate vicinity of the supporting structure’s base should be clear of all items and/or objects of natural growth that could interfere with the line-of-sight between a pilot and the structure’s lights.
11.7 Three or More Catenary Wire Support Structures.
Where a catenary wire crossing requires three or more supporting structures, the inner structures should be equipped with enough light units per level to provide full 360- degree coverage across rivers, canyons, lakes, areas of known risk to aviation, etc.
CHAPTER 12. MARKING AND LIGHTING MOORED BALLOONS AND KITES
12.1 Purpose.
The purpose of marking and lighting moored balloons, kites, and their cables or mooring lines is to indicate the presence and general definition of these objects to pilots when approaching from any direction.
12.2 Standards.
These marking and lighting standards pertain to all moored balloons and kites that require marking and lighting under 14 CFR, Part 101.
12.3 Marking.
Flag markers should be used on mooring lines to warn pilots of their presence during daylight hours.
1. Display. Markers should be displayed at no more than 50-foot (15.24 m) intervals and should be visible for at least 1 SM (1.61 km).
2. Shape. Markers should be rectangular in shape and not less than 2 feet (0.61 m) in length.
Stiffeners should be used in the borders to expose a large area and to prevent drooping in calm wind or wrapping around the cable.
3. Color Patterns. One of the following color patterns should be used:
a. Solid Color. Aviation orange.
b. Orange and White. Two triangular sections, one of aviation orange and the other white, combined to form a rectangle.
12.4 Purpose.
Flashing obstruction lights should be used on moored balloons or kites and their mooring lines to warn pilots of their presence during the hours between sunset and sunrise and during periods of reduced visibility. These lights may be operated 24 hours a day.
1. Systems. Flashing red (L-864) or medium-intensity white lights (L-865) may be used to light moored balloons or kites. High-intensity lights (L-856) are not recommended.
2. Display. Simultaneously flashing lights should be displayed on the top, nose, and tail sections, as well as the tether cable approximately 15 feet (4.57 m) below the craft to define the extremes of size and shape. Additional lights should be equally spaced along the cable’s overall length for each 350 feet (106.68 m), or fraction thereof.
3. Exceptions. When the requirements of this paragraph cannot be met, floodlights may be used.
12.5 Operational Characteristics.
The light intensity is controlled by a device (photocell) that changes the intensity when the ambient light changes. The system should automatically turn the lights on and change intensities as ambient light conditions change. The reverse order should apply in changing from nighttimeto-daytime operation.
CHAPTER 13. MARKING AND LIGHTING WIND TURBINES
13.1 Purpose.
This chapter provides guidelines for the marking and lighting applicable to single wind turbines and wind turbine farms. For the purpose of this AC, wind turbine farms are defined as a wind turbine development that contains more than three turbines. The recommended marking and lighting of these structures is intended to provide day and night conspicuity and to assist pilots in identifying and avoiding these obstacles.
13.2 General Standards.
The development of wind turbine farms is a very dynamic process, which changes based on the terrain. Each wind turbine farm is unique, therefore it is important that a lighting plan is developed that provides sufficient safety for air traffic. When developing lighting plans for wind turbine farms, it is best to use an aerial-view map or diagram of the turbine farm to plan the location of the required lighting. This way, a certain degree of strategy planning can be applied, which, in many instances, results in a minimal number of lights. Proximity to airports and VFR routes, extreme terrain where heights may vary widely, and local flight activity should be considered when developing a lighting plan. The following guidelines are recommended for wind turbines.
13.3 Wind Turbine Configurations.
Prior to marking and lighting the wind turbine farm, the configuration and the terrain of the wind turbine farm should be determined. The following is a description of the most common configurations (see Figure A-26):
1. Linear. Wind turbine farms in a direct, consecutive configuration, often located along a ridgeline, the face of a mountain, or along borders of a mesa or field. The line may be ragged in shape or be periodically broken, and may vary in size from just a few turbines to many turbines forming a line that is several miles long.
2. Cluster. Wind turbine farms arranged in circular configuration. A cluster is typically characterized by having a pronounced perimeter, with various turbines placed inside the circle at various, erratic distances throughout the center of the circle.
3. Grid. Wind turbine farms arranged in a geographical shape, such as a square or a rectangle, in which the turbines are placed a consistent distance from each other in rows, giving the appearance that they are part of a square pattern.