Appendix A
LIGHTING ADJACENT STRUCTURES
LIGHT LEVEL ADJUSTMENT Day Protection = 270,000 cd White Light (Painting is typically not required) Twilight Protection = 20,000 cd White Light Night Protection = 2,000 cd White Light Inboard lights recommended on all levels above height of shorter structure 500 ft or less (153 m) 795 ft (242 m) Lower inboard lights may be omitted 534 ft = = (166 m) 545 ft (163 m) 800 ft (244 m) 275 ft !
270 ft (84 m) ** 267 ft 82 m) 550 ft
• (81 m) (168 m) Minor adjustments in vertical placement may be made to place lights on same horizontal plane (Lights on both structures to be synchronized) = L-856 (Flashing White Light) = L-865 (Flashing White Light) Figure A-18. Lighting Adjacent Structures-Light Level Adjustment A-19
Appendix A
LIGHTING ADJACENT STRUCTURES Day Protection = 270,000 cd White Light (Painting of tower is typically not required) Twilight Protection = 20,000 cd White Light Night Protection = 2,000 cd White Light 500 ft (153 m) or less
• 0 Inner levels ce o may be omitted 750 ft (229 m) 250 ft (76 m) Lowest level should be above adjacent structure Structures of equal height. Number of levels depends upon height of structure (Lights on both structures to be synchronized) Top level display all units" 500 ft or less 500 ft or less_ (153 m) (153 m) Lower inner levels may be omitted One structure higher than the adjacent structure and light levels are on same horizontal plane (Lights on both structures to be synchronized) = L-856 (Flashing White Light) =L-865 (Flashing White Light) One structure higher than the adjacent structure and light levels are on same horizontal plane (Lights on both structures to be synchronized) Figure A-19. Lighting Adjacent Structures A-20
Appendix A
LIGHTING OF CHIMNEYS, FLARE STACKS,
OR SIMILAR SOLID STRUCTURES Day Protection = 270,000 cd White Light (Painting of tower is typically not required) Twilight Protection = 20,000 cd White Light Night Protection = 2,000 cd White Light b - Exceeding 20 ft (6 m) but not more than 100 ft (31 m) a - 20 ft (6 m) or less 800 ft (244 m) 300 ft (91 m) = L-856 (Flashing White Light) = L-865 (Flashing White Light) Figure A-20. Lighting of Chimneys, Flare Stacks, or Similar Solid Structures A-21
Appendix A
LIGHTING HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS Day Protection = 270,000 cd White Light (Painting of tower is typically not required) Twilight Protection = 20,000 cd White Light Night Protection = 2,000 cd White Light a - The number of light units recommended depends on the a - Exceeding 100 ft (31 m) diameter of the structure but not more than 200 ft (61 m)
- b b - Exceeding 200 ft (61 m) IWA = L-856 (Flashing White Light) Figure A-21. Hyperbolic Cooling Tower A-22
Appendix A
BRIDGE LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = 20,000 cd White Light Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red or White Light or Flood Lighting * Shown above as L-864 / L-865 (Flashing Dual Light) Marine navigational lighting not shown = L-864 (Flashing Red Light)
- = L-865 (Flashing White Light) = L-864 / L-865 (Flashing Dual Light) Figure A-22. Bridge Lighting A-23
Appendix A
WIND TURBINE LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle One FAA Type L-864 Three or more FAA Type L-810 Tubine height is determined spaced around mast from the top of rotor while flash in sync with L-864 configured to at top dead center Turbines 499 ft (152 m) Turbines above Turbines above or lower 499 ft (152 m) 699 ft (213 m) but less than 699 ft (213 m) = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Configured to flash at a rate of 30 fpm (+ 3 fpm) = L-810 (Single Light) Configured to flash in sync with L-864 Figure A-23. Wind Turbine Lighting A-24
Appendix A
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
IN SNOW PRONE AREAS (OPTIONAL) Day / Twilight Protection = Aviation Orange and Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Lights / 32 cd Red Side Lights Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle One FAA Type L-864 Three or more FAA Type L-810 Tubine height is determined spaced around mast from the top of rotor while configured to at top dead center flash in sync with L-864 Turbines 499 ft (152 m) Turbines above Turbines above or lower 499 ft (152 m) 699 ft (213 m) but less than 699 ft (213 m) = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Configured to flash at a rate of 30 fpm (+ 3 fpm) = L-810 (Single Light) Configured to flash in sync with L-864 Figure A-24. Wind Turbine Lighting and Marking in Snow Prone Areas (Optional) A-25
Appendix A
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
PAINT SCHEMES Day / Twilight Protection = Aviation Orange and Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Lights / Turbines Under 499 ft (152 m)
APPROVED PAINT SCHEMES Painting based on Standard paint scheme snow prone areas
NOT APPROVED PAINT SCHEMES Striped Blades Painted Blades Gradient painted mast = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Figure A-25. Lighting and Marking of Wind Turbines - Paint Schemes A-26
Appendix A
WIND TURBINE LIGHTING CONFIGURATIONS Day / Twilight Protection = Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights No more than Place a light One-half Statute Mile (2,640 ft (805 m) lit turbines towards the starting point If last segment is short, push the for balanced lighting (on each end) Turbine with no light Place a light (on each end) Starting Point Linear Turbine Configuration Cluster Turbine Configuration Grid Turbine Configuration = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Figure A-26. Wind Turbine Lighting Configurations A-27
Appendix A
AIRCRAFT DETECTION LIGHTING SYSTEM (ADLS) SAMPLE WIND FARM COVERAGE MAP * Multiple ADLS units required for the above wind farm Vertical Coverage Horizontal Coverage 1,000 ft (304 m) 3 Nautical Miles
(5.5 km) * System above shown in active mode with aircraft in coverage area = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Figure A-27. Sample of Aircraft Detection Lighting System Coverage Map A-28
Appendix B B-1 APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS B-1 Rationale for Obstruction Light Intensities.
Sections 91.117, 91.119 and 91.155 of 14 CFR Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules, prescribe aircraft speed restrictions, minimum safe altitudes, and basic visual flight rules (VFR) weather minimums for governing the operation of aircraft, including helicopters, within the United States.
B-2 Distance Versus Intensities.
Table B-1 shows the distance the various intensities are visible under 1 and 3 statute miles meteorological visibilities:
Table B-1. Distance and Intensity Time Period Meteorological Visibility Statute Miles Distance Statute Miles Intensity Candelas Night 2.9 (4.7 km) 1,500 (±25%) 3 (4.8 km) 3.1 (4.9 km) 2,000 (±25%)
1.4 (2.2 km) 32 Day 1.5 (2.4 km) 200,000 1 (1.6 km) 1.4 (2.2 km) 100,000
1.0 (1.6 km) 20,000 (±25%) Day 3.0 (4.8 km) 200,000 3 (4.8 km) 2.7 (4.3 km) 100,000
1.8 (2.9 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 1 (1.6 km) 1.0 (1.6 km) to 1.5 (2.4 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 3 (4.8 km) 1.8 (2.9 km) to 4.2 (6.7 km) 20,000 (±25%)
Note: Distance calculated for north sky illuminance.
Appendix B B-2 B-3 Conclusion.
Aircraft pilots travelling at 165 kt (190 mph/306 kph) or less should be able to see obstruction lights in sufficient time to avoid the structure by at least 2,000 feet (610 m) horizontally under all conditions of operation, provided the pilot is operating in accordance with 14 CFR Part 91. Pilots operating 250 kt (288 mph/463 kph) aircraft should be able to see the obstruction lights unless the weather deteriorates to 1 statute mile (1.6 km) visibility at night, during which time period 2,000 candelas enables the light to be seen at 1.2 statute miles (1.9 km). To provide an acquisition distance of 1.5 statute miles, a higher intensity of 20,000 candelas would be required. This light, with 3-statute mile visibility at night, could generate a residential annoyance factor. In addition, aircraft at these speeds can normally be expected to operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) at night when the visibility is 1 statute mile (1.6 km).
Note: The 2,000-foot avoidance distance comes from the guy wires of a 2,000-foot structure. The guy wires at a 45-degree angle would be at a distance of 1,500 feet from the structure at a 500-foot elevation. Since the aircraft is to be 500 feet clear of obstacles (the guy wire), the distance of avoidance from the structure is 1,500 + 500 = 2,000 feet. (See Figure B-1.)
Figure B-1. Illustration of Acquisition Distance Calculation B-4 Definitions.
B-4.1 Flight Visibility.
The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.