Appendix A
WIND TURBINE LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle One FAA Type L-864 Three or more FAA Type L-810 Tubine height is determined spaced around mast from the top of rotor while flash in sync with L-864 configured to at top dead center Turbines 499 ft (152 m) Turbines above Turbines above or lower 499 ft (152 m) 699 ft (213 m) but less than 699 ft (213 m) = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Configured to flash at a rate of 30 fpm (+ 3 fpm) = L-810 (Single Light) Configured to flash in sync with L-864 Figure A-23. Wind Turbine Lighting A-24
Appendix A
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
IN SNOW PRONE AREAS (OPTIONAL) Day / Twilight Protection = Aviation Orange and Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Lights / 32 cd Red Side Lights Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle One FAA Type L-864 Three or more FAA Type L-810 Tubine height is determined spaced around mast from the top of rotor while configured to at top dead center flash in sync with L-864 Turbines 499 ft (152 m) Turbines above Turbines above or lower 499 ft (152 m) 699 ft (213 m) but less than 699 ft (213 m) = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Configured to flash at a rate of 30 fpm (+ 3 fpm) = L-810 (Single Light) Configured to flash in sync with L-864 Figure A-24. Wind Turbine Lighting and Marking in Snow Prone Areas (Optional) A-25
Appendix A
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
PAINT SCHEMES Day / Twilight Protection = Aviation Orange and Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Lights / Turbines Under 499 ft (152 m)
APPROVED PAINT SCHEMES Painting based on Standard paint scheme snow prone areas
NOT APPROVED PAINT SCHEMES Striped Blades Painted Blades Gradient painted mast = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Figure A-25. Lighting and Marking of Wind Turbines - Paint Schemes A-26
Appendix A
WIND TURBINE LIGHTING CONFIGURATIONS Day / Twilight Protection = Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights No more than Place a light One-half Statute Mile (2,640 ft (805 m) lit turbines towards the starting point If last segment is short, push the for balanced lighting (on each end) Turbine with no light Place a light (on each end) Starting Point Linear Turbine Configuration Cluster Turbine Configuration Grid Turbine Configuration = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Figure A-26. Wind Turbine Lighting Configurations A-27
Appendix A
AIRCRAFT DETECTION LIGHTING SYSTEM (ADLS) SAMPLE WIND FARM COVERAGE MAP * Multiple ADLS units required for the above wind farm Vertical Coverage Horizontal Coverage 1,000 ft (304 m) 3 Nautical Miles
(5.5 km) * System above shown in active mode with aircraft in coverage area = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Figure A-27. Sample of Aircraft Detection Lighting System Coverage Map A-28
Appendix B B-1 APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS B-1 Rationale for Obstruction Light Intensities.
Sections 91.117, 91.119 and 91.155 of 14 CFR Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules, prescribe aircraft speed restrictions, minimum safe altitudes, and basic visual flight rules (VFR) weather minimums for governing the operation of aircraft, including helicopters, within the United States.
B-2 Distance Versus Intensities.
Table B-1 shows the distance the various intensities are visible under 1 and 3 statute miles meteorological visibilities:
Table B-1. Distance and Intensity Time Period Meteorological Visibility Statute Miles Distance Statute Miles Intensity Candelas Night 2.9 (4.7 km) 1,500 (±25%) 3 (4.8 km) 3.1 (4.9 km) 2,000 (±25%)
1.4 (2.2 km) 32 Day 1.5 (2.4 km) 200,000 1 (1.6 km) 1.4 (2.2 km) 100,000
1.0 (1.6 km) 20,000 (±25%) Day 3.0 (4.8 km) 200,000 3 (4.8 km) 2.7 (4.3 km) 100,000
1.8 (2.9 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 1 (1.6 km) 1.0 (1.6 km) to 1.5 (2.4 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 3 (4.8 km) 1.8 (2.9 km) to 4.2 (6.7 km) 20,000 (±25%)
Note: Distance calculated for north sky illuminance.
Appendix B B-2 B-3 Conclusion.
Aircraft pilots travelling at 165 kt (190 mph/306 kph) or less should be able to see obstruction lights in sufficient time to avoid the structure by at least 2,000 feet (610 m) horizontally under all conditions of operation, provided the pilot is operating in accordance with 14 CFR Part 91. Pilots operating 250 kt (288 mph/463 kph) aircraft should be able to see the obstruction lights unless the weather deteriorates to 1 statute mile (1.6 km) visibility at night, during which time period 2,000 candelas enables the light to be seen at 1.2 statute miles (1.9 km). To provide an acquisition distance of 1.5 statute miles, a higher intensity of 20,000 candelas would be required. This light, with 3-statute mile visibility at night, could generate a residential annoyance factor. In addition, aircraft at these speeds can normally be expected to operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) at night when the visibility is 1 statute mile (1.6 km).
Note: The 2,000-foot avoidance distance comes from the guy wires of a 2,000-foot structure. The guy wires at a 45-degree angle would be at a distance of 1,500 feet from the structure at a 500-foot elevation. Since the aircraft is to be 500 feet clear of obstacles (the guy wire), the distance of avoidance from the structure is 1,500 + 500 = 2,000 feet. (See Figure B-1.)
Figure B-1. Illustration of Acquisition Distance Calculation B-4 Definitions.
B-4.1 Flight Visibility.
The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.
Appendix B B-3 Reference: Airman’s Information Manual Pilot/Controller Glossary.
B-4.2 Meteorological Visibility.
A term that denotes the greatest distance, expressed in statute miles, that selected objects (visibility markers) or lights of moderate intensity (25 candelas) can be seen and identified under specified conditions of observation.
B-5 Lighting System Configuration.
1. Configuration A . Red Obstruction Lighting System.
2. Configuration B. High-Intensity White Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance 40 feet or less.
3. Configuration C. High-Intensity White Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance greater than 40 feet.
4. Configuration D. Medium-Intensity White Obstruction Lights.
5. Configuration E. Medium-Intensity Dual White and Red Obstruction Lights.
6. Configuration F. High-Intensity Dual Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance greater than 40 feet.
7. Configuration G. High-Intensity Dual Obstruction Lights for structures with appurtenance 40 feet or less.
Example: “Configuration B 3” denotes a high -intensity lighting system with three levels of light.