1-3 information from system manufacturers to determine which system best meets their needs based on purpose, installation, and maintenance costs.
1.6 Additional Notification.
Any change to the submitted information on which the FAA has based its determination, including modification, deviation, or optional upgrade to white lighting on structures, may require notice to the FCC prior to making the change for proper authorization and annotations of obstruction marking and lighting. These structures may be subject to inspection and enforcement of marking and lighting requirements by the FCC. FCC Forms and Bulletins can be obtained from the FCC’s National Call Center at 1-888-CALL-FCC (1-888-225-5322) or online at http://www.fcc.gov/forms.
Upon completion of the actual change, complete the “Add Supplemental Notice (7460-2 Form)” at the http://oeaaa.faa.gov website. You may also mail the FAA Form 7460-2 to:
FAA Aeronautical Information Services 1305 E W Hwy Silver Spring, MD 20910 1-800-626-3677
2-1 CHAPTER 2. GENERAL
2.1 Structures to be Marked and Lighted.
Any temporary or permanent structure, including all appurtenances, that exceeds an overall height of 200 feet (61 m) above ground level (AGL) or exceeds any obstruction standard contained in 14 CFR Part 77 should be marked and/or lighted. However, an FAA aeronautical study may reveal that the absence of marking and/or lighting will not impair aviation safety. Conversely, the object may present such an extraordinary hazard potential that higher standards may be recommended for increased conspicuity to ensure aviation safety. In general, commercial outside lighting should not be used in lieu of FAA-recommended marking and/or lighting. Recommendations on marking and/or lighting structures can vary, depending on terrain features, weather patterns, geographic location, and in the case of wind turbines, the number of structures and overall design layout. The FAA may also recommend marking and/or lighting a structure that does not exceed 200 (61 m) feet AGL or 14 CFR Part 77 standards because of its particular location. The marking and lighting configurations are illustrated in Appendix A, Figures A-1 through A-27.
2.2 Guyed Structures.
The guys of a 2,000-foot (610-m) skeletal tower are anchored between 1,600 feet (488 m) and 2,000 feet (610 m) from the base of the structure. This places a portion of the guys 1,500 feet (458 m) from the tower at a height of between 125 feet (38 m) and 500 feet (153 m) AGL. Title 14 CFR Part 91, Section 119, requires pilots, when operating over other than congested areas, to remain at least 500 feet (153 m) from man-made structures. Therefore, the tower must be cleared by 2,000 feet (610 m) horizontally to avoid all guy wires. Properly maintained marking and lighting are important for increased conspicuity because the guys of a structure are difficult to see until the aircraft is dangerously close.
2.3 Marking and Lighting Equipment.
Considerable effort and research was expended to determine the minimum marking and lighting systems or quality of materials that will produce an acceptable level of aviation safety. The FAA will recommend only those marking and lighting systems that meet established technical standards. While additional lights may be desirable to identify an obstruction to air navigation and may, on occasion, be recommended, the FAA will recommend minimum standards in the interest of safety, economy, and related concerns. Therefore, to provide an adequate level of safety, obstruction lighting systems should be installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with the recommended standards herein. Table A-1 in Appendix A contains descriptions of each FAA-approved obstruction lighting fixture that is referred to in this AC.
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2.4 Light Failure Notification.
2.4.1 Sponsors should consider that conspicuity is achieved only when all recommended lights are working. Partial equipment outages decrease the margin of safety. Any outage should be corrected as soon as possible. Failure of steady-burning side or intermediate lights should be corrected as soon as possible, but notification is not required.
2.4.2 Any failure or malfunction that lasts more than thirty (30) minutes and affects a top light or flashing obstruction light, regardless of its position, should be reported immediately by calling Outage Reporting and Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) 877-487- 6867, or for Alaska 800-478-3576, so a NOTAM can be issued. Lights that are voluntary (not required by an FAA determination) do not require a NOTAM. For structures that are regulated by the FCC, the FCC advises that noncompliance with notification procedures could subject the sponsor to penalties or monetary forfeitures.
2.4.3 The following information should be specified for outage reporting:
1. Name of persons or organizations reporting the light failures, including any title, address, and telephone number.
2. The type of structure.
3. Location of structure (including latitude and longitude, if known, prominent structures, landmarks, etc.).
4. Height of structure AGL/above mean sea level (AMSL) if known.
5. A return to service date.
6. FCC Antenna Structure Registration Number (for structures that are regulated by the FCC).
Note 1: When the primary lamp in a double obstruction light fails, and the secondary lamp comes on, no report is required.
Note 2: After 15 days, the NOTAM is automatically deleted from the system. The sponsor is responsible for calling outage reporting to extend the outage date or to report a return to service date.
2.5 Notification of Restoration.
As soon as normal operation is restored, notify outage reporting. For structures that are regulated by the FCC, the FCC advises that noncompliance with notification procedures could subject the sponsor to penalties or monetary forfeitures.
2.6 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Requirement.
The use of a high-intensity flashing white lighting system on structures located in residential neighborhoods (as defined by applicable zoning laws) trigger requirements for FCC licenses and an environmental assessment.
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2.7 Voluntary Marking of Meteorological Evaluation Towers (METs) Less Than 200 Feet (61 m) AGL.
2.7.1 Recommendation.
The FAA recommends voluntary marking of METs less than 200 feet (61 m) AGL in accordance with marking guidance contained in this advisory circular (AC).
Historically, this guidance has not been applied. However, the FAA recognizes the need to address safety impacts to low-level agricultural flight operations, and it believes that voluntarily marking METs less than 200 feet (61 m) AGL in remote and rural areas enhance the conspicuity of these structures.
2.7.2 Painting.
METs should be painted in accordance to the criteria contained in Chapter 3, paragraphs 3.1 through 3.4, specifically, with alternate bands of aviation orange and white paint. In addition, paragraph 3.5 states that all markings should be replaced when faded or otherwise deteriorated.
2.7.3 High-Visibility Sleeves.
It is recommended that several high-visibility sleeves be installed on the MET’s outer guy wires. One high-visibility sleeve should be installed on each guy wire, as close to the anchor point as possible, but at a, height well above the crop or vegetation canopy.
A second sleeve should be installed on the same outer guy wires midway between the location of the lower sleeve and the upper attachment point of the guy wire to the MET.
2.7.4 Spherical Markers.
It is also recommended that high-visibility aviation orange spherical marker (or cable) balls be attached to the guy wires. Spherical markers should be installed and displayed in accordance to Chapter 3, paragraph 3.5. The FAA, however, recognizes various weather conditions and manufacturing placement standards may affect the placement and use of high-visibility sleeves and/or spherical markers. Thus, some flexibility is allowed when determining sleeve length and marker placement on METs.
2.8 Obstruction Height Definition Changed to 499 Feet AGL.
Because of changes made to 14 CFR Part 77, Safe, Efficient Use, and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace, on July 21, 2010, the height of a structure (identified as an obstruction) was lowered to 499 feet AGL from 500 feet AGL. Consequently, all structures that are above 499 feet AGL will be designated as obstructions. The FAA will conduct an aeronautical study to determine the effect on navigable airspace. This will ensure all usable airspace at and above 500 feet AGL is addressed during the study and the airspace is safe for air navigation.
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CHAPTER 3. MARKING GUIDELINES
3.1 Purpose.
This chapter provides recommended guidelines to make certain structures conspicuous to pilots during daylight hours. One way to achieve this conspicuity is to paint and/or mark these structures. Recommendations on marking structures can vary, depending on terrain features, weather patterns, geographic location, and the number of structures.
Specific marking guidelines for wind turbines are contained in Chapter 13.
3.2 Paint Colors.
Alternate sections of aviation orange and white paint should be used as the contrast in colors provides maximum visibility of an obstruction. Specific paint standards are contained in Chapter 12.
3.3 Paint Standards.
To be effective, the paint used should meet specific color requirements when freshly applied to a structure. Because all outdoor paints deteriorate with time, and it is not practical to give a maintenance schedule for all climates, surfaces should be repainted when the color changes noticeably or its effectiveness is reduced by scaling, oxidation, chipping, or layers of contamination. The subsequent standards should be followed.
3.3.1 Materials and Application.
The FAA recommends that quality paint and materials be selected to maximize years of service. The paint should be appropriate for the surfaces to be painted, including any previous coatings, and suitable for the environmental conditions. Surface preparation and paint application should follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Note: In-Service Aviation Orange Color Tolerance Charts are available from private suppliers for determining when repainting is required. The color should be sampled on the upper half of the structure, since weathering is greater there.
3.3.2 Surfaces not Requiring Paint.
Ladders, decks, and walkways of steel towers and similar structures do not need to be painted if a smooth surface presents a potential hazard to maintenance personnel.
Painting may also be omitted from precision or critical surfaces if the paint would have an adverse effect on the transmission or radiation characteristics of a signal. However, the structure’s overall marking effect should not be reduced.
3.3.3 Skeletal Structures.
Complete all marking/painting prior to or immediately upon completion of construction.
This applies to catenary support structures, radio and television towers, and similar skeletal structures. To be effective, paint should be applied to all inner and outer surfaces of the framework.
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3.4 Paint Patterns.
Various types of paint patterns are used to mark structures. The pattern is determined by the size and shape of the structure. The following patterns are recommended.
3.4.1 Solid Pattern.
Obstacles should be painted aviation orange if the structure’s horizontal and vertical dimensions do not exceed 10.5 feet (3.2 m).
3.4.2 Checkerboard Pattern.
Alternating rectangles of aviation orange and white are normally displayed on the following structures:
1. Water, gas, and grain storage tanks.
2. Buildings, as required.
3. Large structures exceeding 10.5 feet (3.2 m) across, having a horizontal dimension that is equal to or greater than the vertical dimension.
3.4.3 Size of Patterns.
The sides of the checkerboard pattern should measure not less than 5 feet (1.5 m) or more than 20 feet (6 m) and should be as nearly square as possible. However, if it is impractical because of the size or shape of a structure, the sides of the patterns may be less than 5 feet (1.5 m). When possible, the corner surfaces should be painted aviation orange. (See Figures A-15 and A-16 in Appendix A.)
3.4.4 Alternate Bands.
Alternate bands of aviation orange and white are normally displayed on the following structures:
1. Communication towers and catenary support structures.
2. Poles.
3. Smokestacks.
4. Skeletal framework of storage tanks and similar structures.
5. Structures that appear narrow from a side view are 10.5 feet (3.2 m) or more across, and the horizontal dimension is less than the vertical dimension.
6. Coaxial cable, conduits, and other cables attached to the face of a tower.
3.4.5 Color Band Characteristics.
Bands for structures of any height should be:
1. Equal in width, provided each band is not less than 1 1/2 feet (0.5 m) or more than 100 feet (31 m) wide.
2. Perpendicular to the vertical axis with the bands at the top and bottom painted orange.
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3. An odd number of bands on the structure.
4. Approximately one-seventh the height, if the structure is equal to or less than 700 feet (214 m) AGL. For each additional 200 feet (61 m) or fraction thereof, add one
(1) additional orange and one (1) additional white band. Table 3-1 shows the required band widths based on the height of the structure.
5. Equal and in proportion to the structure’s AGL height.
Table 3-1. Structure Height to Bandwidth Ratio Example: If a structure is:
Greater Than Equal to or Less Than Band Width
10.5 feet (3.2 m) 700 feet (214 m) 1/7 of height 700 feet (214 m) 900 feet (275 m) 1/9 of height 900 feet (275 m) 1,100 feet (336 m) 1/11of height 1,100 feet (336 m) 1,300 feet (397 m) 1/13 of height
3.4.6 Structures With a Cover or Roof.
If the structure has a cover or roof, the highest orange band should be continued to cover the entire top of the structure. (See Figures A-15 and A-16 in Appendix A.)
3.4.7 Skeletal Structures Atop Buildings.
If a flagpole, skeletal structure, or similar object is erected on top of a building, the combined height of the object and building will determine whether marking is recommended. However, only the height of the object filed with the FAA determines the width of the color bands.
3.4.8 Partial Marking.
If marking is recommended for only a portion of a structure because the structure is shielded by other objects or terrain, the width of the bands should be determined by the overall height of the structure. A minimum of three bands should be displayed on the upper portion of the structure.
3.4.9 Teardrop Pattern.
Spherical water storage tanks with a single, circular standpipe support may be marked in a teardrop-striped pattern. The tank should show alternate stripes of aviation orange and white. The stripes should extend from the top center of the tank to its supporting standpipe. The width of the stripes should be equal, and the width of each stripe at the greatest girth of the tank should not be less than 5 feet (1.5 m) nor more than 15 feet
(4.6 m). (See Figure A-17 in Appendix A.)
3.4.10 Community Names.
3-4 If it is desirable to paint the name of the community on the side of a tank, the stripe pattern may be broken to serve this purpose. This open area should have a maximum height of 3 feet (0.9 m). (See Figure A-17 in Appendix A.)
3.4.11 Exceptions.
Structural designs not conducive to standard markings may be marked as follows:
1. If it is not practical to paint the roof of a structure in a checkerboard pattern, it may be painted solid orange.
2. If a spherical structure is not suitable for an exact checkerboard pattern, the shape of the rectangles may be modified to fit the shape of the surface.
3. Storage tanks not suitable for a checkerboard pattern may have alternating bands of aviation orange and white or a limited checkerboard pattern applied to the upper one-third of the structure.
4. The skeletal framework of certain water, gas, and grain storage tanks may be excluded from the checkerboard pattern.
3.5 Unlighted Markers.
Unlighted markers are used to identify structures and to make them more conspicuous when it is impractical to paint them. Unlighted markers may also be used in addition to aviation orange and white paint when additional conspicuity is necessary for aviation safety. Unlighted markers should be displayed in conspicuous positions on or adjacent to the structures so as to retain the general definition of the structure. They should be recognizable in clear, daytime visibility from a distance of at least 4,000 feet (1,219 m) and in all directions from which aircraft are likely to approach. Unlighted markers should be distinctively shaped, i.e., spherical or cylindrical, so that they are not mistaken for items that are used to convey other information. They should be replaced when faded or otherwise deteriorated.
3.5.1 Spherical Markers.
Spherical markers are used to identify overhead wires and catenary transmission lines that are less than 69 kV. Markers may be of another shape, i.e., cylindrical, provided the projected area of such markers is not less than that presented by a spherical marker.
1. Size and Color.
The diameter of the markers used on extensive catenary wires (catenary wires that cross canyons, lakes, rivers, etc.) should not be less than 36 inches (91 cm).
Smaller 20-inch (51-cm) spheres are permitted on less extensive catenary wires or on power lines below 50 feet (15 m) AGL and within 1,500 feet (458 m) of an airport runway end. Each marker should be a solid color, specifically aviation orange, white, or yellow.
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2. Installations.
a. Spacing. Unlighted markers should be spaced equally along the wire at approximately 200-foot (61-m) intervals, or fraction thereof. There should be less space between markers in critical areas near runway ends [i.e., 30 feet to 50 feet (10 m to 15 m)]. They should be displayed on the highest wire or by another means at the same height as the highest wire. Where there is more than one wire at the highest point, the markers may be installed alternately along each wire if the distance between adjacent markers meets the spacing standard of 200 feet or less. This method distributes the weight and wind-loading factors. (See Figure A-1 in Appendix A.)
b. Pattern. An alternating color scheme provides the most conspicuity against all backgrounds. Unlighted markers should be installed by alternating solid-colored markers of aviation orange, white, and yellow. Normally, an orange marker is placed at each end of a line and the spacing is adjusted [not to exceed 200 feet (61 m)] to accommodate the rest of the markers. When less than four markers are used, they should all be aviation orange. (See Figure A-1 in Appendix A.)
c. Wire Sag. Wire Sag, or droop, will occur due to temperature, wire weight, wind, etc. Twenty-five (25) feet (7.62 m) is the maximum allowable distance between the highest wire installed with marker balls and the highest wire without marker balls, and shall not violate the sag requirements of the transmission line design.
d. Adjacent Lines. Catenary crossings with multiple transmission lines require appropriate markers when the adjacent catenary structure’s outside lines are greater than 200 feet (61 m) away from the center of the primary structure. (See Figure A-2 in Appendix A.) If the outside lines of the adjacent catenary structure are within 200 feet (61 m) or less from the center of the primary structure, markers are not required on the adjacent lines. (See Figure A-3 in Appendix A.)
3.5.2 Flag Markers.
Flags are used to mark certain structures or objects when it is technically impractical to use spherical markers or paint. Some examples are temporary construction equipment, cranes, derricks, oil and other drilling rigs. Catenaries should use spherical markers.
1. Minimum Size. Each side of the flag marker should be at least 2 feet (0.6 m) in length.
2. Color Patterns. Flags should be colored as follows:
a. Solid. Aviation orange.
b. Orange and White. Arrange two triangular sections, one aviation orange and the other white to form a rectangle.
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c. Checkerboard. Flags 3 feet (0.9 m) or larger should be a checkerboard pattern of aviation orange and white squares, each 1 foot (0.3 m) plus or minus 10 percent.
3. Shape. Flags should be rectangular in shape and have stiffeners to keep them from drooping in calm wind.
4. Display. Flag markers should be displayed around, on top, or along the highest edge of the obstruction. When flags are used to mark extensive or closely grouped obstructions, they should be displayed approximately 50 feet (15 m) apart. The flag stakes should be strong enough to support the flags and be higher than the surrounding ground, structures, and/or objects of natural growth.
3.6 Unusual Complexities.
The FAA may also recommend appropriate marking in an area in which grouped obstructions present a common obstruction to air navigation.
3.7 Omission or Alternatives to Marking.
The alternatives listed below require FAA review and concurrence.
3.7.1 High-Intensity Flashing White Lighting Systems.
High-intensity flashing white lighting systems are more effective than aviation orange and white paint and therefore can be recommended instead of paint marking. This is particularly true under certain ambient light conditions involving the position of the sun relative to the direction of flight. When high-intensity lighting systems are operated during daytime and twilight, other methods of marking may be omitted. When operated 24 hours a day, other methods of marking and lighting may be omitted.
3.7.2 Medium-Intensity Flashing White Lighting Systems.
When medium-intensity flashing white lighting systems are operated during daytime and twilight on structures 700 feet (213 m) AGL or less, other methods of marking may be omitted.
Note: Sponsors must ensure that alternatives to marking are coordinated with the FCC for structures under its jurisdiction prior to making the change.
4-1 CHAPTER 4. LIGHTING GUIDELINE
4.1 Purpose.
This chapter describes the various obstruction lighting systems used to identify structures that have been determined to require added conspicuity. The lighting standards in this AC are the minimum necessary for aviation safety. Recommendations on lighting structures can vary, depending on terrain features, weather patterns, geographic location, and number of structures. Specific lighting guidelines for wind turbines are contained in Chapter 13.
4.2 Standards.
The standards outlined in this AC are based on using light units that meet specified intensities, beam patterns, color, and flash rates as stated in AC 150/5345-43, Specification for Obstruction Lighting Equipment. These standards may be obtained from: www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/
4.3 Lighting Systems.
Obstruction lighting may be displayed on structures as follows:
1. Aviation Red Obstruction Lights. Use flashing lights and/or steady-burning lights during nighttime. Tower structures are typically marked with flashing red lights.
Buildings and smaller obstructions located near airports should be marked with steady-burning red lights. (See Chapter 5).
2. Medium-Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Lights. Medium-intensity flashing white obstruction lights may be used during daytime and twilight with automatically selected reduced intensity for nighttime operation. When this system is used on structures 700 feet (213 m) AGL or less, other methods of marking and lighting the structure may be omitted. Aviation orange and white paint is always required for daytime marking on structures exceeding 700 feet (213 m) AGL. This system is not normally recommended on structures 200 feet (61 m) AGL or less.
3. High-Intensity Flashing White Obstruction Lights. High-intensity flashing white obstruction lights may be used during daytime with automatically selected reduced intensities for twilight and nighttime operations. When this system is used, other methods of marking and lighting the structure may be omitted. This system should not be used on structures 700 feet (213 m) AGL or less, unless an FAA aeronautical study shows otherwise.
Note: All flashing lights on a structure should flash simultaneously except for catenary support structures, which have a distinct flashing sequence between the levels of lights (see paragraph 4.4).
4. Dual Lighting. This system consists of red lights for nighttime and high- or medium-intensity flashing white obstruction lights for daytime and twilight. When a dual lighting system incorporates medium-intensity flashing white lights on
4-2 structures 700 feet (213 m) AGL or less or high-intensity flashing white lights on structures greater than 700 feet (213 m) AGL, other methods of marking the structure may be omitted.
5. Obstruction Lights During Construction. As the height of the structure exceeds each level at which permanent obstruction lights would be recommended, two or more lights of the type specified in the determination should be installed at that level. Temporary high or medium-intensity flashing white lights, as recommended in the determination, should be operated 24 hours a day until all permanent lights are in operation. In either case, two or more lights should be installed on the uppermost part of the structure any time it exceeds the height of the temporary construction equipment. They may be turned off for periods when they could interfere with construction personnel. If practical, permanent obstruction lights should be installed and operated at each level as construction progresses. The lights should be positioned to ensure that a pilot has an unobstructed view of at least one light at each level.
6. Obstruction Lights in Urban Areas. When a structure is located in an urban area where there are numerous other white lights (e.g., streetlights) red obstruction lights with painting or a medium-intensity dual system is recommended. Mediumintensity lighting is not normally recommended on structures less than 200 feet (61 m).
7. Temporary Construction Equipment Lighting. Since there is such a variance in construction cranes, derricks and other drilling rigs, each case should be considered individually. Lights should be installed according to the standards given in Chapters 5, 6, 7, or 8, as they would apply to permanent structures.
4.4 Lighted Spherical Markers.
4.4.1 Lighted markers are available for increased night conspicuity of high-voltage (69 kV or greater) transmission line catenary wires. These markers should be used on transmission line catenary wires near airports, heliports, across rivers, canyons, lakes, etc. The lighted markers should be manufacturer-certified as recognizable from a minimum distance of 4,000 feet (1,219 m) under nighttime conditions, minimum Visual Flight Rule (VFR) conditions or having a minimum intensity of at least 32.5 candelas.
The lighting unit should emit a steady-burning, red light.
4.4.2 Lighted markers should be installed on the highest energized line. If the lighted markers are installed on a line other than the highest catenary, then markers specified in Chapter 3 paragraph 3.5 should be used in addition to the lighted markers. The maximum distance between the line energizing the lighted markers and the highest catenary above the lighted marker should be no more than 25 feet (7.62 m) and shall not violate the sag requirements of the transmission line design.
4.4.3 Lighted markers should be distinctively shaped, (i.e., spherical or cylindrical) so they are not mistaken for items that are used to convey other information. They should be visible in all directions from which aircraft are likely to approach. The area in the