Appendix B B-5 B.7.2.6 Pilot Training. Submit applicable portions of proposed CAVS-specific pilot training material and include a description of the methods used to conduct, evaluate, and manage the training. The CAVS pilot training should include:
1. ADS-B Out/In system overview (if not previously addressed with another ADS-B application).
2. ADS-B CAVS system operations.
3. CAVS normal procedures:
• Visual separation procedures.
• Speed management.
• Assessing closure rates.
• Wake turbulence avoidance.
• Weather minimums.
• Use of and response to the selectable CAVS range alert.
• Crew coordination during CAVS.
4. CAVS MEL procedures (as applicable).
5. CAVS equipment limitations.
6. CDTI interface.
7. Contingency procedures.
Appendix C C-1 APPENDIX C. ADS-B IN OPERATIONS—AIRCRAFT QUALIFICATION AND
MAINTENANCE C.1 Purpose. This appendix provides guidance on aircraft qualification, maintenance, and maintenance personnel training associated with authorization of ADS-B In operations.
C.2 Applicability. The ADS-B In aircraft qualification and maintenance guidance contained herein applies to operations conducted under 14 CFR parts 91, 91 subpart K (part 91K), 121, 125 (including part 125 Letter of Deviation Authority (LODA)), 129, and 135.
Part 91 operators (excluding part 91K operators) should comply with the guidance contained in this appendix. Operators conducting operations under parts 91K, 121, 125 (including part 125 LODA), 129, and 135 should address all aspects of the guidance contained in this appendix when submitting requests for authorization of ADS-B In operations.
C.3 Aircraft Qualification.
C.3.1 ADS-B In systems must meet the standards of the appropriate Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C195, Avionics Supporting Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA), for authorization. Guidance on the installation of ADS-B Out equipment can be found in Advisory Circular (AC) 20-165, Airworthiness Approval of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast OUT Systems.
Guidance on the installation of ADS-B In systems can be found in AC 20-172, Airworthiness Approval for ADS-B In Systems and Applications.
C.3.2 Applications submitted to the FAA for authorization to conduct ADS-B In operations should contain the following documentation to demonstrate aircraft qualification:
1. Applicable ADS-B In airworthiness documentation in the form of an aircraft type certificate (TC), amended TC, or Supplemental Type Certificate (STC).
2. ADS-B In avionics manufacturer’s instructions for continued airworthiness (ICA), as accepted by the FAA.
3. Proposed minimum equipment list (MEL) revisions, if applicable, listing all limitations and procedures associated with the dispatch of aircraft with the ADS-B In system inoperative.
C.4 Maintenance.
C.4.1 Maintenance of ADS-B In systems should comply with the guidance contained in this section and must comply with applicable airworthiness regulations. Maintenance personnel should be familiar with the operator’s ADS-B In system maintenance procedures, their individual responsibilities with respect to those procedures, and the availability of any resources within or outside of the maintenance organization necessary to ensure the continued airworthiness of the ADS-B In system.
Appendix C C-2 C.4.2 Applications submitted for authorization to conduct ADS-B In operations under parts 91, 91K, 121, 125 (including part 125 LODA), 129, and 135 should include documentation that demonstrates compliance with the following, as applicable:
1. The General Maintenance Manual (GMM) should incorporate the ADS-B In manufacturer’s ICA, as accepted by the FAA, and identify any special techniques, maintenance/inspection frequencies, and test equipment used to support the continued airworthiness of the system.
2. Indicate whether ADS-B In system maintenance is integrated into an existing approved maintenance program or is a separate program.
3. Identify the GMM revision and update procedures, if not previously approved.
4. Identify how maintenance personnel will be trained on the ADS-B In system and the method to record and maintain any associated qualifications.
5. Procedures for ADS-B In software installation, updates, evaluations, tests, and configuration control.
6. Procedures used to make modifications, additions, and changes to the ADS-B In system.
7. Procedures for ADS-B In discrepancy reporting and recording.
8. MEL and logbook procedures for deferral of the ADS-B In system or components of the system.
9. Notification procedures between maintenance control, engineering, flight operations, and dispatch (or equivalent) when the ADS-B In system is deferred.
10. Procedures to monitor and identify ADS-B In-equipped aircraft with chronic discrepancies and restrict the aircraft from ADS-B In operations until appropriate corrective action and verification tests have been performed.
11. Procedures for return to service of the ADS-B In system following routine/nonroutine maintenance or completion of corrective action on an aircraft flagged for chronic discrepancies.
12. Integration of ADS-B In maintenance into existing quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) programs, as applicable.
C.5 Maintenance Personnel Training.
C.5.1 General. This paragraph contains guidance on maintenance personnel training associated with ADS-B In operations. Operators should address this guidance, as applicable, in proposals submitted to the FAA for authorization to conduct ADS-B In operations.
C.5.2 Maintenance Training. Maintenance personnel should be knowledgeable of the guidance contained in this AC and applicable regulations. Operator and contract maintenance personnel, including mechanics, maintenance controllers, avionics technicians, and inspection/QA personnel should receive initial and recurrent training (as necessary) to establish and maintain an effective ADS-B In maintenance program.
Appendix C C-3 C.5.3 Application Submissions. Applications submitted for authorization to conduct ADS-B In operations should address the following:
1. Identify the person(s) responsible for ensuring ADS-B In maintenance and inspection personnel are properly trained, knowledgeable, and current in accordance with the GMM.
2. Identify how the ADS-B In training will be conducted (i.e., in-house or outside training provider).
3. Include policy and procedures that address any qualifications for ADS-B In maintenance and inspection personnel.
4. Identify the methods and techniques used to conduct initial and recurrent training
(e.g., instructor-led training (ILT), computer-based training (CBT), and on-the-job training (OJT)).
5. Identify the procedures used to record and maintain initial and recurrent ADS-B In training and qualifications.
6. Include maintenance and inspection training curriculum that addresses the following ADS-B In topics:
• Operational overview;
• Aircraft system overview;
• Maintenance and inspection procedures;
• Personnel training qualifications (as applicable);
• MEL procedures;
• Test equipment and use (as applicable); and
• Return to service test procedures.
Appendix D D-1 APPENDIX D. DEFINITIONS The terms have the following meaning when used in this advisory circular (AC):
D.1 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B is a function on an aircraft or vehicle that periodically broadcasts its state vector (i.e., horizontal and vertical position, horizontal and vertical velocity) and other information.
D.2 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Airspace. The airspace specified in 14 CFR part 91, § 91.225.
D.3 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Guidance Display (AGD).
The AGD provides digital readouts and alerts of time-sensitive information located on the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). This is used primarily for installations where the CDTI is not installed in the forward field of view (FOV).
D.4 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) In. ADS-B In is the receipt, processing, and display of ADS-B transmissions. ADS-B In is necessary to utilize ADS-B traffic and broadcast services (e.g., Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B) and Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B)).
D.5 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out. Transmission of an aircraft’s position, altitude, velocity, and other information to other aircraft and air traffic control (ATC) ground-based surveillance systems.
D.6 Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R). ADS-R is a link-translation and rebroadcast function of the ADS-B ground system that allows both ADS-B frequencies (1090 Extended Squitter (ES) and 978 megahertz (MHz)) to share information.
D.7 Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). This is a generic display that provides the flightcrew with surveillance information about other aircraft, including position.
Traffic information may be obtained from one or multiple sources, including ADS-B, Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), and TIS-B. The display of information may be hosted on an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) or the aircraft’s integrated avionics suite.
D.8 Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) Assisted Visual Separation (CAVS).
CAVS is an ADS-B In application that assists the flightcrew in maintaining visual separation from ADS-B Out-equipped aircraft.
D.9 Extended Squitter (ES). ES is how ADS-B messages are transmitted from a Mode Select (Mode S) transponder. ES is a long message (e.g., format DF=17) that Mode S transponders transmit automatically, without interrogation by radar, to announce the own-ship aircraft’s presence to nearby ADS-B-equipped aircraft and ground stations.
Appendix D D-2 D.10 Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B). FIS-B is a ground broadcast service provided over the 978 MHz frequency Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) data link.
The FAA FIS-B system provides pilots and flightcrews of properly equipped aircraft (ADS-B In) with a flight deck display of certain aviation weather and aeronautical information for advisory-only use.
D.11 Flightcrew. One or more flight deck crewmembers required for the operation of the aircraft.
D.12 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The generic term for a satellite navigation system, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), that provides autonomous worldwide geospatial positioning and may include local or regional augmentations.
D.13 Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a U.S. satellite-based radio navigation system that provides a global positioning service. The service provided by GPS for civil use is defined in the GPS Standard Positioning System (SPS) Performance Standard.
D.14 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). A United Nations organization that is responsible for developing international standards and for recommending practices and procedures covering a variety of technical fields of aviation.
D.15 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 24-Bit Address (Mode S Code).
Address (octal format) assigned to each aircraft transponder or ADS-B transmitter during registration or change of registration. The correct address is required, pursuant to § 91.227(d)(11), to be transmitted by both the installed transponder(s) and the ADS-B Out system (1090ES/UAT). For aircraft equipped with Mode S transponders, their replies to TCAS to enable proper operation of TCAS avionics and ATC ground systems interrogations and their ADS-B transmissions should use the same 24-bit address, allowing correlations by Airborne Surveillance and Separation Assurance Processing (ASSAP).
D.16 In-Trail Procedures (ITP). ITP are designed primarily for use in nonradar oceanic airspace to enable appropriately equipped ADS-B In aircraft to perform flight level (FL) changes previously unavailable with procedural separation minima applied.
D.17 Mode A. One of a possible 4,096 identification codes that are transmitted from an aircraft transponder or ADS-B transmitter to ground-based radars or ADS-B ground stations.
Secondary radars interrogate the aircraft transponder for the Mode A code. In ADS-B, the aircraft includes its Mode A code as part of a transmitted ADS-B message. The Mode A code is also known as the squawk code for the aircraft. The Mode A (military Mode 3) is used in ATC for associating flight plans (FP) with surveillance data.
D.18 Mode C. The encoded barometric altitude from an onboard pressure sensor is contained in the Mode C. This altitude information is transmitted by the aircraft transponder in response to an appropriate interrogation from a secondary radar system. The Mode C is used by ATC to determine the altitude of the reporting aircraft.
Appendix D D-3 D.19 Mode S. A Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) system that operates using addressed interrogation on 1030 MHz, and the transponder replies on 1090 MHz. Mode S systems interrogate for aircraft identity (Mode A), altitude (Mode C), and other aircraft-specific information. The aircraft transponder replies with the requested information. Mode S supports a two-way frequency and an ADS-B service known as ES.
D.20 Non-Performing Equipment (NPE). ADS-B Out-equipped aircraft operating contrary to § 91.225 and/or § 91.227.
D.21 Position Source. The onboard avionics equipment that provides the latitude, longitude, geometric altitude, velocity, position and velocity accuracy metrics, and position integrity metric to the ADS-B transmitter. Additionally, the position source may provide the vertical rate parameters. Currently, only GPS, GPS with wide area augmentation systems (WAAS), and Aircraft-Based Augmentation System (ABAS) sensors tightly integrated with GPS are approved as position sources.
D.22 Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR). A radar sensor that listens to replies sent by transponders carried on onboard airborne targets. SSR sensors, in contrast to Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) sensors, require the aircraft under surveillance to carry a transponder.
D.23 Statement of Compliance. The statement of compliance is a manufacturer-generated document that states the ADS-B equipment, when installed in accordance with the installation instructions, complies with all requirements of § 91.227, and with the performance requirements of the appropriate Technical Standard Order (TSO).
D.24 Surveillance. Detection, tracking, characterization, and observation of aircraft, other vehicles, weather, and airspace status information and phenomena for the purposes of conducting flight operations in a safe and efficient manner. The primary purposes of traffic surveillance (as distinct from all surveillance functionality) are to control the flow of aircraft, to provide situational awareness for pilots and controllers, and to separate aircraft.
D.25 Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B). TIS-B is a ground broadcast service provided from an ADS-B ground system network over the UAT and 1090ES links that provides position, velocity, and other information on traffic that is detected by airport surface detection equipment (ASDE), SSR, or Wide Area Multilateration (WAM), but that is not transmitting an ADS-B position. TIS-B service will always be deployed with the ADS-R service so that a complete traffic picture is provided for both non-equipped and alternate-link-equipped aircraft.
D.26 Transponder. The airborne radar beacon receiver/transmitter portion of the ATC radar beacon system (ATCRBS) or Mode S that automatically receives radio signals from interrogators on the ground and selectively replies with a specific reply pulse or pulse group only to those interrogations being received on the mode to which it is set to respond.
Appendix D D-4 D.27 Universal Access Transceiver (UAT). UAT is a wideband multipurpose data link intended to operate globally on a single channel with a channel signaling rate of just over 1 megabit per second (Mbps). By design, UAT supports multiple broadcast services, including FIS-B and TIS-B, in addition to ADS-B.
D.28 Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Weather conditions in which pilots have sufficient visibility to fly the aircraft while maintaining visual separation from terrain and other aircraft. The exact requirements vary by class of airspace (e.g., Class B airspace:
3 statute miles (sm) visibility, clear of clouds).
Appendix E E-1 APPENDIX E. RELATED REGULATIONS AND READING MATERIAL E.1 Related Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts. You can find the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) online at http://www.ecfr.gov.
1. Part 1, § 1.1, General Definitions.
2. Part 21, § 21.50, Instructions for Continued Airworthiness and Manufacturer’s Maintenance Manuals Having Airworthiness Limitations Sections.
3. Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors.
4. Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules:
• Section 91.1, Applicability;
• Section 91.103, Preflight Action;
• Section 91.130, Operations in Class C Airspace;
• Section 91.131, Operations in Class B Airspace;
• Section 91.135, Operations in Class A Airspace;
• Section 91.217, Data Correspondence Between Automatically Reported Pressure Altitude Data and the Pilot’s Altitude Reference;
• Section 91.225, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out Equipment and Use (refer to Registry Identification Number (RIN) 2120-AI92, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipage Mandate to Support Air Traffic Control Service);
• Section 91.227, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out Equipment Performance Requirements (refer to RIN 2120-AI92); and
• Subpart K (Part 91K), Fractional Ownership Operations.
5. Part 121, Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations.
6. Part 125, Certification and Operations: Airplanes Having a Seating Capacity of 20 or More Passengers or a Maximum Payload Capacity of 6,000 Pounds or More; and Rules Governing Persons On Board Such Aircraft.
7. Part 133, Rotorcraft External-Load Operations.
8. Part 135, Operating Requirements: Commuter and On Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons On Board Such Aircraft.
9. Part 137, Agricultural Aircraft Operations.
Appendix E E-2 E.2 Related Reading Materials (current editions).
• You can find this and other advisory circulars (AC) on the FAA’s website at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars.
• Inspectors can access FAA Order 8900.1 via the Flight Standards Information Management System (FSIMS) at http://fsims.avs.faa.gov. Air carriers, operators, and the public can access Order 8900.1 at http://fsims.faa.gov.
• You can find a current list of Technical Standard Orders (TSO) on the FAA’s Regulatory and Guidance Library (RGL) website at http://rgl.faa.gov.
E.2.1 FAA Guidance Material.
1. AC 20-165, Airworthiness Approval of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast OUT Systems.
2. AC 20-172, Airworthiness Approval for ADS-B In Systems and Applications.
3. Order 8900.1, Volume 3, Chapter 18, Section 3, OpSpec/MSpec/LOA A354, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) In-Trail Procedure (ITP).
4. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), paragraphs 4-5-7 through 4-5-10.
5. Surveillance and Broadcast Services Description Document, SRT-047 (current revision).
E.2.2 FAA TSOs (edition listed below or later).
1. TSO-C112d, Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System/Mode Select (ATCRBS/Mode S) Airborne Equipment.
2. TSO-C129a, Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS).
3. TSO-C145c, Airborne Navigation Sensors Using the Global Positioning System Augmented by the Satellite Based Augmentation System.
4. TSO-C146c, Stand-Alone Airborne Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System Augmented by the Satellite Based Augmentation System.
5. TSO-C154c, Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipment Operating on Frequency of 978 MHz.
6. TSO-C157a, Aircraft Flight Information Services-Broadcast (FIS-B) Data Link Systems and Equipment.
7. TSO-C166b, Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) Equipment Operating on the Radio Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz).
Appendix E E-3
8. TSO-C195, Avionics Supporting Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA).
9. TSO-C196a, Airborne Supplemental Navigation Sensors for Global Positioning System Equipment using Aircraft-Based Augmentation.
E.2.3 RTCA, Inc. Documents.
1. RTCA DO-260B, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services - Broadcast (TIS-B).
2. RTCA DO-282, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B).
3. RTCA DO-312 Supplement, Safety, Performance and Interoperability Requirements Document for the In Trail Procedure in Oceanic Airspace (ATSA-ITP) Application.
4. RTCA DO-317B, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA) System.
5. RTCA DO-354, Safety and Performance Requirements Document for CDTI Assited Visual Separation (CAVS).
E.3 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Publications (current editions):
1. EASA Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) 20-24, Certification Considerations for the Enhanced ATS in Non-Radar Areas using ADS-B Surveillance (ADS-B-NRA) Application via 1090 MHz Extended Squitter.
2. EASA Certification Specifications and Acceptable Means of Compliance Airborne Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CS-ACNS).