11.3 Operator Reporting Policies. Air carriers and operators may have policies regarding how to report wake vortex encounters, including Aviation Safety Action Programs (ASAP), Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), or other records used by that operator, such as a captain’s report.
11.4 FAA Hotline. The FAA Hotline accepts reports related to the safety of the National Airspace System (NAS), violations of 14 CFR, aviation safety issues, and reports related to FAA employees or FAA facilities. The FAA Hotline provides a single venue for FAA employees, the aviation community, and the public to file their reports. Visit the FAA Hotline web page at https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aae/prog rams_services/faa_hotlines.
11.5 Notification of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents. If an accident or incident occurs, pilots are encouraged to remain in compliance with the reporting requirements of 49 CFR part 830.
Appendix A A-1 APPENDIX A. ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION A.1 Advisory Circular (AC) Feedback Form. For your convenience, the AC Feedback Form is the last page of this AC. Note any deficiencies found, clarifications needed, or suggested improvements regarding the contents of this AC on the Feedback Form.
A.2 Related Publications.
A.2.1 ACs. The current editions of each of the following ACs can be found at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/ and in the Dynamic Regulatory System (DRS) at https://drs.faa.gov.
• AC 91-79, Aircraft Landing Performance and Runway Excursion Mitigation.
• AC 120-88, Preventing Injuries Caused by Turbulence.
• AC 120-109, Stall Prevention and Recovery Training.
• AC 120-111, Upset Prevention and Recovery Training.
• AC 120-123, Flightpath Management.
A.2.2 Orders. You can find current and historical FAA orders at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/ and in DRS at https://drs.faa.gov under “Air Traffic Organization (ATO),” “Air Traffic Plans and Publications.”
• FAA Order JO 7110.65, Air Traffic Control.
• FAA Order JO 7110.126, Consolidated Wake Turbulence (CWT).
• FAA Order JO 7110.308, Simultaneous Dependent Approaches to Closely Spaced Parallel Runways.
• FAA Order JO 7360.1, Aircraft Type Designators.
A.2.3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Guidance. ICAO Doc 4444, Procedures for Air Navigation Service (PANS).
A.2.4 Other Related References.
• Wake Turbulence Training Aid: https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/wake.
• Airplane Upset Prevention and Recovery Training Aid: https://www.faa.gov/pilots/tra ining.
• FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook.
• Pilot Guide to Takeoff Safety: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/other_visit/avia tion_industry/airline_operators/training/takeoff_safety.pdf.
Appendix A A-2 A.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms.
Acronym Term AC Advisory Circular ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System AFM Aircraft Flight Manual AIM Aeronautical Information Manual AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AOA Angle of Attack ASAP Aviation Safety Action Program ASRS Aviation Safety Reporting System ATC Air Traffic Control ATO Air Traffic Organization AURTA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid CFR Code of Federal Regulations Contrails Condensation Trails CVFP Charted Visual Flight Procedures CWT Consolidated Wake Turbulence DRS Dynamic Regulatory System FAA Federal Aviation Administration ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFR Instrument Flight Rules LOC-I Loss of Control In Flight MOR Mandatory Occurrence Report MRS Minimum Radar Separation NAS National Airspace System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NM Nautical Mile NOWGT No Weight PIO Pilot-Induced Oscillation RBDM Risk-Based Decision Making RECAT Wake Turbulence Recategorization
Appendix A A-3 Acronym Term SOIA Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach SLOP Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure SRS Same Runway Separation TDZ Touchdown Zone TDZE Touchdown Zone Elevation WTC Wake Turbulence Category WTMA Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Arrivals WTMD Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures VFR Visual Flight Rules
Appendix B B-1 APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS ATC WAKE SEPARATION EFFORTS B.1 Same Runway Separation (SRS). SRS, per FAA Order JO 7110.65, Air Traffic Control, separates aircraft taking off from the same or a parallel runway separated by less than 2,500 feet. Air traffic control (ATC) will not issue clearances that imply or indicate approval of rolling takeoffs by “Super” or “Heavy” aircraft or clear a small aircraft to line up and wait on the same runway behind a departing “Super” or “Heavy” aircraft to apply the necessary intervals. ATC categorizes aircraft in this scenario into 3 categories. As specified in Order JO 7110.65, Paragraph 3-9-6, Same Runway Separation, SRS Category I is single-engine propeller driven aircraft weighing 12,500 pounds or less, and all helicopters. Category II is twin-engine propeller driven aircraft weighing 12,500 pounds or less. Category III is all other aircraft.
B.2 Intersecting Runway/Intersecting Flightpath Operations. If flightpaths are expected to cross, ATC will separate aircraft taking off behind a departing or landing aircraft on an intersecting runway. An example of separation required is 2 minutes behind a “Heavy” category aircraft, and 3 minutes behind a “Super” category aircraft.
B.3 Converging Runway Operations. An operation is classified as an intersecting runway operation if the extended centerline of a runway intersects either a converging runway or the extended centerline of a converging runway within 1 nautical mile (NM), or less, from either departure end. Some exceptions do apply.
B.4 Adjacent Airport Operations. At adjacent airports, ATC will ensure separation between arriving or departing instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft and any aircraft requiring wake turbulence separation whose flightpaths intersect. For example, the required separation is 2 minutes behind a “Heavy” category aircraft, and 3 minutes behind a “Super” category aircraft.
B.5 Non-Radar Interval Minima. In a nonradar environment, ATC ensures aircraft separation by using time intervals or the passage of known waypoints to maintain safe distances. For example, the required separation interval behind a “Heavy” category aircraft is 3 minutes or 6 miles and 4 minutes or 8 miles if behind a “Super” category aircraft.
B.6 Wake Turbulence Mitigations for Arrivals (WTMA) Simultaneous Dependent Approaches. Per FAA Order JO 7110.308, Simultaneous Dependent Approaches to Closely Spaced Parallel Runways, certain airports with runways that are separated by 2,500 feet or less are authorized to conduct simultaneous dependent approaches.
Simultaneous approaches mean that two or more parallel runways may have approaches occurring at the same time. Dependent approaches are approaches where there is a relationship between the timing of the parallel approaches. In this context, it means that diagonal spacing is required between pairs of aircraft on separate approaches, consisting of a lead aircraft and a trailing aircraft. Order JO 7110.308 further requires specific conditions to be met, such as staggered runway thresholds that create vertical differences between approaches, or adjustments to glidepath angles to establish vertical separation, or both.
Appendix B B-2 B.7 Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD). Departures from the upwind (WTMD-enabled) runway of the designated parallel runway pairs are allowed without wake turbulence separation when the appropriate meteorological conditions exist.
Directive Feedback Information If you find an error in this Advisory Circular, have recommendations for improving it, or have suggestions for new items/subjects to be added, you may let us know by emailing this form to the Flight Technologies and Procedures Division at 9-AWA-AFS400-Coord@faa.gov or the Flight Standards Directives Management Officer at 9-AWA-AFB-120-Directives@faa.gov.
Subject: AC 90-23H, Aircraft Wake Vortex Encounter Risk Mitigation To: Directive Management Officer, AFB-120 Directives Mailbox (9-AWA-AFB-120-Directives@faa.gov) (Please mark all appropriate line items) An e rror (procedural or typographical) has been noted in paragraph _____________ on page _______________ .
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Submitted by: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________ Telephone Number: _____________________________ Routing Symbol: _________________ FAA 1320-19 (11/23) Supersedes Previous Edition