AC 91-45C
(4) The target area around the "key grab" event must be totally clear of spectators and under the control of the event officials.
These officials must have adequate manpower to maintain crowd control. Sponsors should either have portable "bull homs" or a public address system to control the crowd movements verbally or to direct the balloonist away from the target area in the event of an emergency. It these precautions are observed, then a waiver of FAR § 91.79(c) can be issued to allow operations closer than 500 feet to the crowd. The event sponsor must establish procedures to ensure that the balloonists will abort the key grab attempt when it becomes apparent that the balloons' ground tracks will not be within the operating area or when a realistic chance for the key is no longer possible. The balloon landing areas must be segregated from the spectators. Only designated members of the recovery crews can be present to assist the balloonist with recovery.
All of these requirements must be briefed to all participants before the operations.
65. BALLOON COMPETITION MANUAL.
The Organized Manned Free Balloon Competition Manual must incorporate FAR §§ 91.79(b) and
(c) limitations, as appropriate, to the specific event in a form and manner acceptable to the FAA and the sponsor. The sponsor should reflect the manner of operations under the event waiver as clearly as possible in the manual. The operations manual shall include a list and description of all events, tasks, and races to be included in the waiver. The inspector should encourage the sponsor to place the aircraft operating procedures and other safety-related procedures in a separate section of the manual, which is subject to review and approval by the FAA.
66. BALLOON CREWMEMBERS.
crewmembers may be carried on board any balloon operating under the waiver issued to the All crewmembers must be designated by the pilot in command and have been given appropriate training in the conduct of their duties.
These designated crewmembers must sign on the 42 2/1/90 waiver form that they have been briefed, that they understand the limitations of the waiver under which they are operating, and that they are designated crewmembers for the purpose of the specific flight under the waiver. The pilot in command of each balloon using additional crewmembers is responsible for obtaining and keeping such statements.
67. MAXIMUM WINDSPEED. The maximum windspeed for launch and at the target zones is mutually determined by the sponsor and the FAA.
These limitations shall be placed in the operations The maximum windspeed limitations should be determined considering the local terrain conditions and the competency of the participating airmen. The actual means of determining the windspeed must be mutually agreeable to the FAA and the sponsor. The inspector and/or the sponsor may wish to consider moving the designated spectator area barriers if the windspeed increases.
68. DESIGNATED SPECTATOR AREA. The designated spectator area should be maintained at a minimum radius of 200 feet away from the designated or declared goal/target. This 200-foot minimum target area should remain sterile except for officially designated event personnel.
69. DURATION OF WAIVER. No operations shall be conducted under this waiver except during the period from sunrise to sunset and during Visual Flight Rules conditions as specified in FAR § 91.105.
70. LETTERS OF AGREEMENT. A letter of agreement clearly detailing all responsibilities provides an excellent means of control.
means of control has been successfully used in various cases. For example, the sponsor of the balloon meet outlines the responsibilities he or she assumes, such as crowd control, notification, communication, briefing of participating pilots, etc., in the manual. Air Traffic identifies the services they provide, such as up-to-date weather, Chap 5 Par 64
2/1/90 a portable tower, or a direct communication line with the tower.
71. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS FOR HIRE. Under the provisions of FAR § 135.1(b)(7), persons engaged in carrying passengers for hire using balloons are not subject to FAR Part 135.
AC 91-45C
72. MANUAL APPROVAL. The aircraft operating and other safety-related procedures contained in the balloon competition manual must be approved by the inspector assigned to evaluate The approved procedures must be incorporated into the waiver.
73.-76. RESERVED.
Chap 5 Par 70 43 (thru 46)
CHAPTER 6. PARACHUTING AND PARACHUTISTS
77. CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORIZATION.
While many of the activities associated with aviation events frequently require waivers, parachuting or skydiving demonstration jumps do not require waivers. As provided for in FAR Part 105, some of these jumps do require an FAA Form 7711-1, Certificate of Waiver or Authorization.
§ 105.15 is applicable to jumps over or into congested areas or open-air assemblies of persons.
FAR § 105.19 is applicable to jumps in or into control zones with functioning control towers.
FAA Form 7711-1 is required for any jump over or into a congested area.
The drift-over provision of FAR § 105.15 permits a jumper to exit an aircraft over something other than a congested area, and with a fully-deployed parachute, drift over a congested area or open-air assembly of persons, and land in Under these circumstances an FAA Form 7711-1 is not required.
The key to determine if an authorization is required are the words "over or into." In other words, the drift-over provision does not permit any jump that results in a landing into a congested area or open-air assembly of persons unless the parachutist has obtained an FAA Form 7711-1.
78. PARACHUTE ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANI- ZATIONS. Parachutists who are not members of a recognized parachute organization or the participating branch of a national aero club and who wish to participate in a demonstration or exhibition jump over or into a congested area must present satisfactory evidence of the necessary experience, knowledge, and skill equivalent to that required by the United States Parachute Association (USPA).
a. If the parachutist is unable to provide this information, the FAA inspector-in-charge may require a demonstration jump (not over a congested area as a prerequisite before approving the request.
b. The USPA, located at 1440 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, telephone (703) 836- 3495, has adopted its own safety rules and licensing standards for parachutists, instructors, and jumpmasters. The USPA has pledged to implement a policy of self-policing to assist the FAA in avoiding conflicts with other airspace users and to maintain a high level of safety. Toward this end, the USPA has supplied every FAA FSDO with a brochure of its rules and safety programs and have offered their assistance anytime the FAA encounters problems with a particular club or has questions regarding parachuting.
79. PARACHUTIST'S COMPETENCE. The competence of parachutists is extremely important when evaluating the suitability of a landing site.
a. Holders of USPA Class C and D licenses have proven themselves to be highly skilled. Anyone holding such a license who has actively participated in the sport within the last 12 months should be competent to participate in any jump where the separation criteria meets or exceeds that established in a Level One landing area. (See paragraph 80a.)
Persons holding a USPA Class D license with a current exhibition (Pro) rating have demonstrated the additional skills that are necessary to permit exhibition demonstrations in accordance with the separation criteria established in a Level Two landing area. (See paragraph 80b.)
USPA exhibition ratings are issued to members who have a Class D license and who have accomplished 10 successive jumps into a 10-meter (32-foot) diameter target area in accordance with the following criteria:
Chap 6 Par 77 47
AC 91-45C
(1) All landings must be made standing up.
(2) The size of the canopy used during the exhibition certification determines the canopy limitation allowed in actual demonstration jumps
(i.e., smallest canopy demonstrated).
(3) Demonstration jumps must be witnessed by either a safety and training advisor (SATO) or by an instructor/examiner (I/E), and at least two other spectators.
(4) USPA issues the added exhibition rating with an expiration date 12 months from the certification date. Members are renewed on the basis of continued demonstration of the original certification requirements.
80. LANDING AREAS. USPA divides landing areas into two distinct categories, depending on the demonstrated competency of the parachutists.
a. Level One. Parachutists who hold a USPA Class C or D license must select a landing 48 (thru 52) 2/1/90 area that permits the jumper to land no closer than 50 feet from any spectator and does not involve passing over persons on the surface at an altitude of less than 250 feet.
b. Level Two. Parachutists who hold a USPA Class D license with an exhibition (Pro) rating and who certify that they shall use a steerable square main and reserve canopy, shall be permitted to exit over or into a congested area. The selected landing area must permit the jumper to land no closer than 15 feet from any spectator and does not involve passing over persons on the surface at an altitude of less than
81. ALTERNATE LANDING AREAS.
gardless of the experience of the parachutists, "runoffs" or "escape areas" should be considered.
Small target areas may be acceptable when a suitable altemate landing area is available in the event of unexpected conditions.
82.-86. RESERVED.
Chap 6 Par 79
Appendix 1 APPENDIX 1. FIGURES
Appendix 1 Figure 1. Showline
SHOWLINE EXAMPLE
SHOWLINE USING
A RUNWAY AS THE
CENTERLINE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
SPECTATOR SPECTATOR
AREA AREA
Appendix 1 Figure 2. Ingress
INGRESS 1 1,000°
AEROBATIC/FLY-BY AREA CONGESTED AREA 3
Appendix 1 Figure 3. Egress EGRESS 1,000' | LOL
CONGESTED AREA AEROBATIC/FLY-BY AREA
Appendix 1 Figure 4. Sample of FAA Form 8710-7, Statement of Aerobatic Competency U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
STATEMENT OF ACROBATIC COMPETENCY PILOT FRONT Tommy Cartwright
TYPE CERTIFICATE/NUMBER Commercial 765438284
ISSUANCE DATE EXPIRATION DATE 10-30-89 10-31-90 GENERAL AVIATION EMALE PECTOR /iScal Kuell Donald R. Blackwell ASW-FSDO-1 FAA Form 8710-7 (5-78)
MANEUVER LIMITATIONS None
ALTITUDE LIMITATIONS AUTHORIZED AIRCRAFT Per BACK Waiver/FAR Pitts Special I understand that this statement of competency does not authorize deviation from FAR 91 except as defined by waiver thereto, or to the terms of Special Provisions contained in any waiver to FAR 91.
PILOT (Signare), Tommy Cartwiglet 5
Appendix 1 Figure 5. Category I Showline - Optimum Layout
SHOWLINE
CATEGORY I AIRCRAFT 1,500' 1,500'
PRIMARY SECONDARY
SPECTATOR SPECTATOR
AREA AREA 3,000
SHOWLINE OPTIMUM LAYOUT - 1,500' FROM
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
SPECTATOR AREAS
Appendix 1 Figure 6. Categimary Speciate Mered Closer To
SHOWLINE
CATEGORY I AIRCRAFT
MINIMUM 1,200' 1,500'
PRIMARY SECONDARY
SPECTATOR SPECTATOR
AREA AREA 2,700'
MINIMUM DISTANCE
BETWEEN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY
SPECTATOR AREAS
SHOWLINE
WHEN NECESSARY TO MOVE SHOWLINE TO 1,200' FROM
THE PRIMARY SPECTATOR AREA 7
Appendix 1 Figure 7. Category I Showline - Moved Closer To Secondary Spectator Area
SHOWLINE
CATEGORY I AIRCRAFT 1,500' 1,200' PRIMARY • SECONDARY