s. Validation Flight Requirements. Gaining approval to operate within Russian airspace requires FAA validation flights for U.S. operators. Acquiring significant expansion in service or operating area within the CIS requires validation flights for operators. Some examples of situations requiring validation flights include the following:
• An operator previously serving in the western Russian airspace desires to operate in remote regions.
• An operator that has not operated within Russia or the CIS within the past 6 months.
• Any other situation that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) determines is necessary to ensure a safe operation.
• You may conduct validation flights with revenue passengers or cargo aboard, unless special situations dictate otherwise. Consider the following items during validation flights:
• Flight approval.
• Adequacy of special airport qualification procedures (14 CFR part 121, § 121.445) as revised.
• Flight planning and flight release/dispatch procedures, when applicable.
• Contingency planning—emergency/alternate airports for takeoff, en route and destination.
• Communications with Russia or the CIS (e.g., telex, ATTN, and SITA).
• Weather and NOTAM availability within Russia/CIS.
• Fueling and cargo loading procedure.
Par 15-2 Page 175 (and 176)
Appendix 1 APPENDIX 1. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS 14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations AC Advisory Circular ACA Arctic Control Area ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System (same as TCAS) ACC Area Control Center ADF Automatic Direction Finder ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract AFM Aircraft Flight Manual AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network AIFSS Aviation International Flight Service Station AIM Aeronautical Information Manual AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AIREP Aircraft Reports AIS Aeronautical Information Services AMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service AMU Area of Magnetic Unreliability AMVER Automated Merchant Vessel Report ANP Air Navigation Plan AOC Airline Operational Control APU Auxillary Power Unit ARINC Aeronautical Radio, Inc.
ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center ATA Actual Time of Arrival ATC Air Traffic Control ATC uplinks Messages sent by the controller to the pilots.
ATC downlinks Messages sent by the pilots to the controller.
ATCC Air Traffic Control Center ATM Air Traffic Management ATS Air Traffic Service BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator BITE Built-In Test Equipment BRG Bearing CAA Civil Aviation Authority CAR-SAM Caribbean–South America (ICAO term) CB Cumulonimbus Clouds CDU Control Display Unit CENPAC Central Pacific Page 1
Appendix 1 CEP Central East Pacific CFP Computer Flight Plan CHDO Certificate-Holding District Office CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMA Central Monitoring Agency CNS/ATM Communications, Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management CPDLC Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications CTA Control Area CU Cumulus Clouds DARP Dynamic Airborne Route Planning DCPC Direct Controller Pilot Communications DEWIZ Distant Early Warning Identification Zone DME Distance Measuring Equipment DOI Department of Interior DR Dead Reckoning EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EICAS Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ER-OPS Extended Range–Operations ETOPS Extended Operations ETP Equal Time Point EUR/NAT Europe and North Atlantic FAF Final Approach Fix FANS Future Air Navigation System FBO Fixed Base Operator FCC Federal Communications Commission FD Flight Director FDE Fault Detection and Exclusion FIP Flight Inspection and Procedures FIR Flight Information Region FL Flight Level FMC Flight Management Computer FMS Flight Management System FOM Flight Operations Manual FSIMS Flight Standards Information Management System FSDO Flight Standards District Office FSNFO Flight Standards National Field Office FSS Flight Service Station FTE Flight Technical Error FTR Flexible Track Route FTS Flexible Track System GLCC Global LORAN-C Charts Page 2
Appendix 1 GMT Greenwich Mean Time GNE Gross Navigation Error GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GP General Purpose GPS Global Positioning System GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System HEDA Helicopter En Route Descent Area HFDL High Frequency Data Link HDG Heading HF High Frequency hPa Hectopascals HR Human Range IAP Instrument Approach Procedure IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFIM International Flight Information Manual IFR Instrument Flight Rules IGA International General Aviation ILS Instrument Landing System IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions IN International Notice to Airmen INS Inertial Navigation System ISA International Standard Atmosphere ISARP International Standards and Recommended Practices ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone JAA Joint Aviation Authority LAA Lowest Authorized Altitude LDOC Long Distance Operational Control LRCS Long-Range Communication System LRNP Long-Range Navigation Program IRS Inertial Reference System IRU Inertial Reference Unit km Kilometer LNAV Lateral Navigation LOA Letter of Authorization LRNS Long-Range Navigation System MACS Military Aviation Communication System MCA Ministry of Civil Aviation MDA Minimum Descent Altitude MEA Minimum En Route Altitude MEL Minimum Equipment List MET Meteorology Information MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List MMS Mineral Management Service Page 3
Appendix 1 MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications MNPS OPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications Operations MOA Memorandum of Agreenment MORA Minimum Off-Route Altitude MSL Mean Sea Level MSpecs Management Specifications MTR Military Training Routes NAM North American NAS National Airspace System NAT North Atlantic NAT OTS North Atlantic Organized Track System NAT SPG North Atlantic Systems Planning Group NAV Navigation Nav Specs Navigation Specifications NCA Northern Control Area ND Navigation Display NDB Non-Directional Beacon NFDC National Flight Data Center NM Nautical Miles NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOF NOTAM offices NOPAC North Pacific NOTAM Notice to Airmen NPOLE North Pole NWS National Weather Service OADR Oceanic Altitude Deviation Reports OAT Outside Air Temperature OCA Oceanic Control Area OCD Oceanic Clearance Delivery OCEAN21 Oceanic Flight Data Processor OESB Oceanic Errors Safety Bulletin OpSpecs Operations Specification
OSAP Offshore Standard Approach Procedure OTS Organized Track System PACOTS Pacific Oceanic Track System PMI Principal Maintenance Inspector PNF Pilot-Not-Flying POC Point of Contact POI Principal Operations Inspector POS Position PANS-ABC ICAO abbreviations and codes Page 4
Appendix 1 PANS-ATM Procedures of Air Navigation Services-Air Traffic Management PBN Performance-based Navigation PPO Prior Permission Only PRC People’s Republic of China RA Resolute Advisory RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RCC Rescue Coordination Center REF Reference RNAV Area Navigation RNP Required Navigation Performance RNP-4 Required Navigation Performance 4 RNP-10 Required Navigation Performance 10 RTA Required Time of Arrival RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum RWY Runway SAO Special Areas of Operations SAR Search and Rescue SARP Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO) SAT Static Air Temperature SATCOM Satellite Communication SATCOM Voice Satellite Voice Communication SC Stratocumulus Clouds SCA Southern Control Area SELCAL Selective Calling SIA Standard Instrument Approach SID Standard Instrument Departure SIGMET Significant Meteorological Information SITA Societe International de Télécommunications Aeronautiques SLOP Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure S-LRNS Single Long-Range Navigation System SLRCS Single Long Range Communication System SMO System Management Office SOP Standard Operating Procedures SSB Single Sideband SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route SUPPS Regional Supplementary Procedures TAF Terminal Area Forecast TAS True Airspeed TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TDM Track Definition Message TKE Track Angle Error Page 5
Appendix 1 TMI Track Message Identifier TOD Top of Descent TSA Transportation Security Administration TSO Technical Standard Order UHF Ultrahigh Frequency UPR User Preferred Routes USB Upper Sideband USNOF United States NOTAM Office UTA Upper Control Area UTC Universal Time Coordinated VDP Visual Descent Point VFR Visual Flight Rules VHF Very High Frequency VLF Very Low Frequency VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions VOLMET Meteorological Information For Aircraft In Flight VOR/DME VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment WAC World Aeronautical Charts WAH When Able Higher WATRS West Atlantic Route System XTK Cross-Track Error
Appendix 2 APPENDIX 2. SAMPLE OCEANIC CHECKLIST
1. SAMPLE OCEANIC CHECKLIST NOTE: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) North Atlantic Working Groups composed of industry, air traffic control (ATC) and state regulators have created this checklist. For reference only, it does not replace an operator’s oceanic checklist. We encourage operators without an oceanic checklist to use this sample and tailor it to their specific needs and approvals.
This checklist focuses on an orderly flow and ways to reduce oceanic errors.
Operators should also review the attached expanded checklist. Use the Oceanic Errors Safety Bulletin (OESB) with this checklist. You can find the OESB at www.nat-pco.org.
FLIGHT PLANNING
• Plotting Chart – plot route from coast out to coast in
• Equal Time Points (ETP) – plot
• Track message (current copy available for all crossings)
• Note nearest tracks on plotting chart
• Review possible navigation aids for accuracy check prior to coast out
PREFLIGHT
• Master Clock for all estimated times of arrival (ETA)/actual times of arrival (ATA)
• Maintenance Log – check for any navigation/ communication/surveillance or Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) issues
• RVSM
• Altimeter checks (tolerance)
• Wind shear or turbulence forecast
• Computer Flight Plan (CFP) vs. ICAO Flight Plan (check routing, fuel load, times, groundspeeds)
• Dual Long-Range NAV System (LRNS) for remote oceanic operations
• High frequency (HF) check (including Selective Call (SELCAL))
• Confirm Present Position coordinates (best source)
• Master CFP (symbols: O, V, \, X)
• LRNS programming
• Check navigation database currency and software version
• Independent verification
• Check expanded coordinates of waypoints
• Track and distance check (+ 2 o and + 2 nautical miles (NM))
• Upload winds, if applicable.
• Groundspeed check
TAXI AND PRIOR TO
TAKE-OFF
• Groundspeed check
• Present Position check
CLIMB OUT
• Transition altitude – set altimeters to 29.92 in (1013.2 hPa) Page 1
Appendix 2
• Manually compute ETAs above flight level (FL) 180
PRIOR TO OCEANIC ENTRY
• Gross error accuracy check – record results
• HF check, if not done during preflight
• Log on to Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) or Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) 15 to 45 minutes prior, if equipped
• Obtain oceanic clearance from appropriate clearance delivery
• Confirm and maintain correct FL at oceanic boundary
• Confirm FL, Mach and Route for crossing
• Advise air traffic control (ATC) When Able Higher (WAH)
• Ensure aircraft performance capabilities for maintaining assigned altitude/assigned Mach
• Re-clearance – update LRNS, CFP and plotting chart
• Check track and distance for new route
• Altimeter checks – record readings
• Compass heading check – record
AFTER OCEANIC ENTRY
• Squawk 2000 – 30 minutes after entry, if applicable
• Maintain assigned Mach, if applicable
• Very high frequency (VHF) radios-set to inter-plane and guard frequency
• Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP) – standard operating procedure (SOP)
• Hourly altimeter checks
APPROACHING WAYPOINTS
• Confirm next latitude/longitude
OVERHEAD WAYPOINTS
• Confirm aircraft transitions to next waypoint
• Check track and distance against Master CFP
• Confirm time to next waypoint
• Note: 3-minute or more change requires ATC notification
• Position report – fuel 10-MINUTE PLOT AFTER
WAYPOINT
• Record time and latitude/longitude on plotting chart – non steering LRNS
MIDPOINT
• Midway between waypoints compare winds from CFP, LRNS and upper millibar wind charts
• Confirm time to next waypoint
COAST IN
• Compare ground based Navigational Aid (NAVAID) to LRNS
• Remove Strategic Lateral Offset
• Confirm routing after oceanic exit
DESCENT
• Transition level – set altimeters to QNH Page 2
Appendix 2
DESTINATION/BLOCK IN
• Navigation Accuracy Check
• RVSM write-ups
OTHER ISSUES
• Contingencies
• Published Weather Deviation Procedure
• 15 nautical mile (NM) offset (formerly 30 NM in the North Atlantic (NAT), 25 NM in the Pacific)
• Lost Communication/Navigation Procedures
• Extended Operations (ETOPS)
• Weather – Destination/Alternate(s) Airport(s)
• Data Link Contingency Procedures
• Dead Reckoning (DR)
• Global positioning system (GPS) – receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM)/fault detection and exclusion (FDE) Requirements
Appendix 2
2. EXPANDED OCEANIC CHECKLIST.
a. Flight Planning.
(1) Plotting Chart. Use a plotting chart of appropriate scale for all remote oceanic operations. This includes using a plotting chart for published oceanic routes and tracks. ICAO groups who review oceanic errors have determined that the routine use of a plotting chart is an excellent aid to reduce lateral errors. A plotting chart can also serve as a critical aid in case of partial or total navigation failure. Note that the pilot should read from the plotting chart back to the Master CFP when verifying data. To read from the Master CFP to the plotting chart is a human factor’s issue that has lead to errors based on seeing what we expect to see.
(2) ETP. Compute ETPs for contingencies such as medical divert, engine loss or rapid depressurization. You should also consider a simultaneous engine loss and rapid depressurization. It is advisable to note the ETPs on the plotting chart. Crewmembers should review with each other the appropriate diversion airport(s) when crossing ETPs. Pilot procedures should also include a manual method for computing ETPs.
(3) Track Message. Crews must have a current track message even if filed for a random route. Reviewing the date, effective Zulu time and Track Message Identifier (TMI) ensures having a current track message onboard. The TMI links to the Julian Date. Operators must also ensure that their flight planning and operational control process notify crewmembers in a timely manner of any amendments to the daily track message. Plotting tracks near the assigned route can help situational awareness (SA) in case the crew needs to execute a contingency.
(4) Review NAVAIDs for Accuracy Check Prior to Coast Out. It is good practice to discuss in advance a primary and secondary ground-based NAVAID that you will use to verify the accuracy of the LRNS. This planning may help to identify intended NAVAIDs that are limited or NOTAM’d unusable and is helpful when departing airports close to oceanic airspace.
Examples include Shannon (EINN), Lisbon (LRRT), Los Angeles (KLAX), etc.
b. Preflight.
(1) Master Clock. It is a requirement to have a master clock onboard synchronized to universal coordinated time (UTC) or GPS. Use this time source, which is typically the flight management system (FMS), for all ETAs and ATAs. The use of multiple time sources on the aircraft has lead to inconsistencies in reporting times to ATC and resulted in a loss of longitudinal separation.
(2) Maintenance Log. Before entering a special area of operation, crews should focus on any write-ups that affect communication, navigation, surveillance or RVSM requirements.
Any discrepancies noted in the maintenance log or during the walk-around may require delays or rerouting.
(3) RVSM. Required equipment includes two primary independent altimetry sources, one altitude alert system, and one automatic altitude control system. In most cases, a functioning transponder that you can link to the primary altimetry source is also required. Crews should note any issues that can affect accurate altimetry.